{"id":2156,"date":"2025-03-02T16:56:21","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T08:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/?p=2156"},"modified":"2025-03-06T23:03:20","modified_gmt":"2025-03-06T15:03:20","slug":"cac-bien-phap-chong-chay-no-cho-hoa-chat-nguy-hiem-o-cac-trang-thai-khac-nhau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/thiet-bi-chong-chay-no\/cac-bien-phap-chong-chay-no-cho-hoa-chat-nguy-hiem-o-cac-trang-thai-khac-nhau\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 kh\u00ed<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 lan r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft, g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, v\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y t\u1ea1i kho ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng d\u1ea7u k\u00edn ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 axit axetic, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5. N\u1ed5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, v\u00ec v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y b\u1ecb v\u0103ng ra t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n do r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u1ea7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, c\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5: khi x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed5, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00ed n\u1ed5<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) <\/strong>D\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 tung The <\/strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5 khi g\u1eb7p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh khi g\u1eb7p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 ch\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ngo\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y cao hay th\u1ea5p, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 sinh nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n <\/strong>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng hay th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a n\u00e0o. Kh\u00ed khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng do kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng co l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf <\/strong>Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 co l\u1ea1i khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i <\/strong>Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, ma s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh. Kh\u00ed n\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed l\u1ecfng c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hydro, etylen, axetylen, kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00ed d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u1ecfng (LPG), v.v. Khi kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. Khi kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phun v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao qua v\u00f2i phun, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra ma s\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh. T\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y. V\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong>
<\/strong> C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, h\u01a1i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y kh\u00e1c nhau, do c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, h\u01a1i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01a1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tai n\u1ea1n ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y bao g\u1ed3m: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y; ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed; c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed5, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t do n\u1ed5. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 kh\u00ed, n\u1ed5 h\u01a1i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1y <\/strong>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u1edf, ma s\u00e1t v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m, tia nhi\u1ec7t, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n, tia l\u1eeda t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, v.v. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. L\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n <\/strong>Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda, duy tr\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y kh\u00e1c. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1edf l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed5. Khi gia nhi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1edf v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gia nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ma s\u00e1t v\u00e0 Va ch\u1ea1m <\/strong>Tia l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do ma s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c quay trong m\u00e1y, do va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft, ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft v\u00e0o s\u00e0n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, v.v. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p thay v\u00ec c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Tia nhi\u1ec7t <\/strong>\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c gia nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u1ed3i, b\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed5 <\/strong>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do n\u1ed5 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u01a1 <\/strong>Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nit\u01a1, carbon dioxide, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec1n, s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1; trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5p li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng <\/strong>Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00edn kh\u00ed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n thay v\u00ec k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng flange: \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed n\u1ed5 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i container, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u00e2m; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u00e2m, c\u1ea7n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp: t\u00f9y theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gio\u0103ng k\u00edn kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00edn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t cho nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed n\u1ed5. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed, c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: hydro), n\u00ean l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c k\u00eanh tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y: khi kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, kh\u00ed r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 m\u00e1ng x\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a n\u1ed5 <\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ed5 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t d\u1eadp l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t d\u1eadp l\u1eeda th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phun \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t d\u1eadp l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c container c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, d\u1eadp t\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u00e1y, v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh sau khi m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5, g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u1ed5 <\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1edbp ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5. Khi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u01a1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1y ch\u1edbp t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1y ch\u1edbp. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1y. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cao, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1i bay h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho h\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y. \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) ch\u00e1y t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y g\u00e2y ra. \u0110i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1i, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy, ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a container v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p th\u00ec nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng cao. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3m khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u0103ng, v\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3m khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u0103ng, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i, khi r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1ecfa theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng. Do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mao d\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay h\u01a1i, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y lan. Trong \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ea3y theo \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u201cl\u1eeda ch\u1ea3y\u201d, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea3y th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) ma s\u00e1t t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n <\/strong>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i cao \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ete, este, v\u00e0 disulfua carbon, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 10. 3<\/sup> \u03a9 \u2013 cm, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea1p li\u1ec7u, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 phun, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 sinh ra t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00f3ng tia l\u1eeda, g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau: lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y; lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (oxygen); l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u00edn; th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y; v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00ed tr\u01a1. B\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5 (h\u01a1i) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5. N\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 kho h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y c\u1ea5p 1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p 2, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i trong khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xa ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, nhi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ea5t oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 axit. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1edbp ch\u00e1y d\u01b0\u1edbi 23 \u2103, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 30 \u2103; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 ete, disulfua carbon, ete d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn benzen, ethanol, x\u0103ng, v.v., th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a. B\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 30 \u2103 c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, c\u1ea5m l\u0103n, ma s\u00e1t, k\u00e9o l\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eaft d\u1ec5 tia l\u1eeda v\u00e0 mang gi\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111inh s\u1eaft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft tia l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Khi \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5, b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n 5% kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5 do nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong t\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nguy hi\u1ec3m, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chai nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1eabu. Theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kho ch\u1ee9a, c\u00e1c kho ch\u1ee9a c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1edbp ch\u00e1y th\u1ea5p, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y do t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1906, t\u1ea1i m\u1ecf than Couriers (Couriers) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i than \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, g\u00e2y ra 1.099 ca t\u1eed vong, g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i, nh\u01b0ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ecf than l\u1edbn. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Hai, ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n b\u1ee5i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y: v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2014, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i nh\u00f4m \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y M\u00e1y m\u00f3c Zhongrong Kunshan, T\u00f4 Ch\u00e2u; ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2016, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i nh\u00f4m x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Kim kh\u00ed Jingyixing Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn: ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2019, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i x\u1ea3y ra trong container ch\u1ee9a ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p kim magi\u00ea b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u01b0\u1edfng gia c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty TNHH Kim lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c Hunding C\u00f4n S\u01a1n T\u00f4 Ch\u00e2u, g\u00e2y ra 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) B\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) B\u1ee5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00eau tr\u00ean, b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n cao, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi oxy l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy cung c\u1ea5p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y l\u01a1 l\u1eedng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t; th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t kh\u00f4, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i sang pha kh\u00ed; v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (ho\u1eb7c oxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00e1y kh\u00e1c) tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y b\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeda, t\u1ea1o ra ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i xung quanh, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y \u1edf pha kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, khi\u1ebfn ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lan truy\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i. V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ee5i trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i tung. Ngay sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u00e2m s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai. Trong v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ee5i s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c milijoule ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) \u00c1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao duy tr\u00ec trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i, tr\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Theo n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean quan, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c <\/strong>Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee5i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m t\u1eadp trung, x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m t\u1eadp trung, x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac) kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng, v\u00e0 m\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5, l\u01a1 l\u1eedng v\u00e0 bay c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i <\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y l\u01a1 l\u1eedng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5, nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edn v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu gom b\u1ee5i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ee5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ee5i bay l\u01a1 l\u1eedng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/strong> B\u1ee5i t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong n\u1eafp \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ed9 cao gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u01a1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00e1ng r\u01a1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1ch ly lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o, gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ee5i th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00fat to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c h\u00fat t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ee5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u0169i h\u00fat b\u1ee5i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ee5i l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng trong \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu gom b\u1ee5i ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ee5i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n: thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu gom b\u1ee5i \u0111i\u1ec7n (bao g\u1ed3m m\u0169i h\u00fat k\u00edn v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i). Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba b\u1ee5i. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 magi\u00ea, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f2i phun xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f2i phun truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 thu gom b\u1ee5i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu gom b\u1ee5i t\u00fai ph\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng PLC (b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh) cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu gom b\u1ee5i t\u00fai ph\u1eb3ng, nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 thu gom b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

e. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ee5i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef b\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01a1 l\u1eedng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

f. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/strong> S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m trong x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n b\u1ee5i, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5. Khi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1t 65% ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

g. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u00e1ng x\u1ed1i.<\/strong> N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o tia l\u1eeda. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n: b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i ph\u1eb3ng, nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 v\u1ec7 sinh: kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00e1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u1eady, n\u1eafp m\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00edn, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, h\u01a1i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong m\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 m\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ee5i m\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u1ee5i b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y <\/strong>Trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u00e1y t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1y t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t xu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef; khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1y t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c; khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1ed9t; v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t <\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3ng g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y.<\/strong> B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1edf, nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed1t, c\u1eaft, v.v., t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1edf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh sau \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda; tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n, b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y; khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c: trong th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m m\u00e1t sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee5i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tia l\u1eeda.<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Khi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n cho \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kim lo\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, linh ki\u1ec7n, v.v., th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n; c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a b\u1ed9t, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn b\u1ed9t (b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i), v.v., n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kim lo\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 flange) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t: ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tai n\u1ea1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c sinh ra t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y <\/strong>Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u00ednh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 l\u00e0 trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 oxy trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i do thi\u1ebfu oxy. C\u00e1c kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 nh\u01b0 CO2 <\/sup>v\u00e0 N2 <\/sup>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian <\/strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1ea3 \u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t y\u1ebfu (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ea3 \u00e1p) t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do n\u1ed5 g\u00e2y ra. Khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p. C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ea3 \u00e1p c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5m n\u1ed5, c\u1eeda b\u00ean, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1, v.v.; b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ea3 \u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u00e0ng kim lo\u1ea1i, gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m, b\u1ea1t, t\u1ea5m nh\u1ef1a, cao su, ami\u0103ng, t\u1ea5m th\u1ea1ch cao, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c <\/strong>N\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i, ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y, ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> B\u1ee5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01a1 l\u1eedng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cn\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a (gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean) c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5 khi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1ee9a trong kh\u1ed1i b\u1ee5i. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee5i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1eeb 20-60g\/m\u00b3 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 tr\u00ean t\u1eeb 2000-6000g\/m\u00b3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5.<\/strong> N\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tia l\u1eeda. B\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i trong ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> Ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 bay h\u01a1i trong b\u1ee5i, nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng cao, v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n. Do lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee5i n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng di\u1ec5n ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. Do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, n\u00ean b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y cao d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5; ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 oxy h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i nh\u01b0 magi\u00ea, oxit s\u1eaft, thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m, v.v. c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i.<\/strong> K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ee5i. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e0ng cao v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng c\u00e0ng l\u00e2u, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a oxy h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng nhanh, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng cao, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ee5i polyethylene, b\u1ed9t m\u00ec v\u00e0 methylcellulose c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 400\u03bcm kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1ee5i than c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1\/15 ~ 1\/10mm m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5. B\u1ee5i th\u00f4 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed5, khi tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-explosion-proof-equipment"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Joe","author_link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/author\/jacklin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2156"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2303,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions\/2303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}