{"id":2156,"date":"2025-03-02T16:56:21","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T08:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/?p=2156"},"modified":"2025-03-06T23:03:20","modified_gmt":"2025-03-06T15:03:20","slug":"explosion-proof-measures-for-hazardous-chemicals-in-different-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/explosion-proof-equipment\/explosion-proof-measures-for-hazardous-chemicals-in-different-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Opatrenia proti v\u00fdbuchu pre nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie v r\u00f4znych \u0161t\u00e1toch"},"content":{"rendered":"

Opatrenia na ochranu proti v\u00fdbuchu pre nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie v r\u00f4znych \u0161t\u00e1toch<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola I. Prevencia v\u00fdbuchov plynov<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Po\u017eiar zvy\u010dajne vznik\u00e1 a potom sa postupne \u0161\u00edri a roz\u0161iruje, pri\u010dom \u0161kody sa \u010dasom dramaticky zvy\u0161uj\u00fa. Pre po\u017eiar je st\u00e1le relevantn\u00e9 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 hasenie. Na druhej strane v\u00fdbuchy s\u00fa n\u00e1hle a vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov je proces v\u00fdbuchu ukon\u010den\u00fd v jednom okamihu a obete a materi\u00e1lne \u0161kody s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 v jednom okamihu. Okrem toho m\u00f4\u017ee po\u017eiar sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 aj v\u00fdbuch, preto\u017ee ohe\u0148 v otvorenom ohni a vysok\u00e1 teplota m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00fdbuch hor\u013eav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Napr\u00edklad po\u017eiar skladu ropy alebo v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00edn m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00fdbuch uzavret\u00fdch sudov s olejom, v\u00fdbu\u0161ninami; niektor\u00e9 l\u00e1tky pri izbovej teplote nevybuchn\u00fa, napr\u00edklad kyselina octov\u00e1, pri po\u017eiari pri vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch sa m\u00f4\u017eu sta\u0165 v\u00fdbu\u0161ninami. V\u00fdbuchy m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 aj po\u017eiare, expl\u00f3zie h\u00e1dza\u0165 hor\u013eav\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 rozsiahle po\u017eiare, ako napr\u00edklad uzavret\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee s vykurovac\u00edm olejom po v\u00fdbuchu v d\u00f4sledku \u00faniku oleja sp\u00f4soben\u00e9ho po\u017eiarom. Preto v pr\u00edpade po\u017eiaru, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo vzniku po\u017eiaru do v\u00fdbuchu: ke\u010f d\u00f4jde k v\u00fdbuchu, ale aj k zoh\u013eadneniu mo\u017enosti vzniku po\u017eiaru a k v\u010dasn\u00e9mu prijatiu prevent\u00edvnych a z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch opatren\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch plynov<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) <\/strong>Hor\u013eav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd <\/strong>Hlavn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010denstvo hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee s\u00fa hor\u013eav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 a v\u0161etky hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny v medziach v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu zap\u00e1li\u0165 alebo vybuchn\u00fa\u0165 pri stretnut\u00ed so zdrojom zap\u00e1lenia a niektor\u00e9 hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny m\u00f4\u017eu vybuchn\u00fa\u0165 pri stretnut\u00ed s p\u00f4soben\u00edm zdroja zap\u00e1lenia s ve\u013emi malou energiou. Stupe\u0148 obtia\u017enosti po\u017eiaru alebo v\u00fdbuchu hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov vo vzduchu okrem vplyvu ve\u013ekosti energie zdroja zap\u00e1lenia z\u00e1vis\u00ed najm\u00e4 od ich chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia. Chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie ur\u010duje ve\u013ekos\u0165 rozsahu koncentr\u00e1cie hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov, bod samovznietenia vysok\u00fd a n\u00edzky, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 horenia a vznik tepla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Dif\u00faznos\u0165 <\/strong>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 l\u00e1tka v plynnom stave nem\u00e1 pevn\u00fd tvar ani objem a m\u00f4\u017ee samovo\u013ene zaplni\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek n\u00e1dobu. Plyny sa ve\u013emi \u013eahko rozpty\u013euj\u00fa, preto\u017ee maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 vzdialenosti medzi molekulami a mal\u00e9 interak\u010dn\u00e9 sily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Zmen\u0161ovanie a roz\u0161irovanie <\/strong>Objem plynu sa rozp\u00edna a zmr\u0161\u0165uje v z\u00e1vislosti od n\u00e1rastu a poklesu teploty a jeho rozp\u00ednanie a zmr\u0161\u0165ovanie je ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako rozp\u00ednanie a zmr\u0161\u0165ovanie kvapaliny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) \u00fa\u010dtovan\u00e9 <\/strong>pod\u013ea princ\u00edpu elektrostatickej gener\u00e1cie mo\u017eno vidie\u0165, \u017ee trenie ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek predmetu vytv\u00e1ra statick\u00fa elektrinu. Stla\u010den\u00fd alebo skvapalnen\u00fd plyn je tie\u017e pr\u00edpad, ako napr\u00edklad vod\u00edk, etyl\u00e9n, acetyl\u00e9n, zemn\u00fd plyn, skvapalnen\u00fd ropn\u00fd plyn at\u010f. z \u00fastia potrubia alebo rozbit\u00fd pri vysokej r\u00fdchlosti m\u00f4\u017ee vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 statick\u00fa elektrinu, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee plyn obsahuje pevn\u00e9 \u010dastice alebo kvapaln\u00e9 ne\u010distoty, pri tlaku vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00e9ho rozpra\u0161ovania s d\u00fdzou, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ra siln\u00e9 trenie. Ne\u010distoty a r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pr\u00fadenia ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vznik elektrostatick\u00fdch n\u00e1bojov kvapaliny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nab\u00edjate\u013enos\u0165 je jedn\u00fdm z parametrov hodnotenia po\u017eiarneho nebezpe\u010denstva hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov. Na z\u00e1klade znalosti nab\u00edjate\u013enosti hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov mo\u017eno prija\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 prevent\u00edvne opatrenia, ako je uzemnenie zariadenia, kontrola prietoku at\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. V\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e1 hranica faktorov ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facich<\/strong>
<\/strong> R\u00f4zne hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny a hor\u013eav\u00e9 kvapaliny a pary maj\u00fa vzh\u013eadom na svoje r\u00f4zne fyzik\u00e1lne a chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti r\u00f4zne medze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti: rovnak\u00fd druh hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov alebo hor\u013eav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn a p\u00e1r medze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti, ale nie je ani pevne stanoven\u00fd, pod\u013ea teploty, tlaku, obsahu kysl\u00edka, inertn\u00e9ho prostredia, priemeru n\u00e1doby a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch faktorov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 opatrenia na predch\u00e1dzanie nehod\u00e1m sp\u00f4soben\u00fdm po\u017eiarom a v\u00fdbuchom<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Aby hor\u013eav\u00fd plyn explodoval, musia by\u0165 splnen\u00e9 tri podmienky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po prv\u00e9, ide o hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po druh\u00e9, k dispoz\u00edcii je vzduch a pomer mie\u0161ania hor\u013eav\u00e9ho plynu a vzduchu mus\u00ed by\u0165 v ur\u010dit\u00fdch medziach;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po tretie, pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 zdroja vznietenia. V\u00fdbuch nem\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 bez jednej z t\u00fdchto troch podmienok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medzi z\u00e1sady prevencie v\u00fdbuchov hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov preto patr\u00ed: pr\u00edsna kontrola zdrojov vznietenia; zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 vzniku v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch zmes\u00ed hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov a vzduchu; odreza\u0165 cestu \u0161\u00edrenia v\u00fdbuchu, na za\u010diatku v\u00fdbuchu v\u010das uvo\u013eni\u0165 tlak, zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 roz\u0161\u00edreniu rozsahu v\u00fdbuchu a v\u00fdbuchu n\u00e1rastu tlaku. Uveden\u00e9 z\u00e1sady s\u00fa rovnako uplatnite\u013en\u00e9 na prevenciu v\u00fdbuchov plynov, v\u00fdbuchov kvapaln\u00fdch p\u00e1r a v\u00fdbuchov prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) kontrola a elimin\u00e1cia vznietenia <\/strong>zdroje sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa po\u017eiar Zdroje zap\u00e1lenia s\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti otvoren\u00fd plame\u0148, trenie a n\u00e1raz, tepeln\u00e9 \u017eiarenie, vysokoteplotn\u00e9 povrchy, elektrick\u00e9 iskry, statick\u00e9 iskry at\u010f., pr\u00edsna kontrola pou\u017e\u00edvania tak\u00fdchto zdrojov zap\u00e1lenia, prevencia po\u017eiaru a v\u00fdbuchu je ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Otvoren\u00fd plame\u0148 <\/strong>t\u00fdka sa hlavne v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho procesu ohrevu, \u00fadr\u017eby oh\u0148a pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed a in\u00fdch zdrojov zap\u00e1lenia, otvoren\u00fd plame\u0148 je naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou po\u017eiaru a v\u00fdbuchu, ohrievanie hor\u013eav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, mali by sme sa sna\u017ei\u0165 vyhn\u00fa\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvaniu otvoren\u00e9ho oh\u0148a a pou\u017e\u00edvaniu pary alebo in\u00e9ho ohrevu telesa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faceho teplo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Trenie a n\u00e1raz <\/strong>Iskry m\u00f4\u017eu vznika\u0165 tren\u00edm rotuj\u00facich lo\u017e\u00edsk v stroji, vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdm n\u00e1razom \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov alebo n\u00e1razom \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov na bet\u00f3nov\u00fa podlahu at\u010f. Preto by mali by\u0165 lo\u017eisk\u00e1 dobre mazan\u00e9 a na nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch miestach by sa namiesto \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov mali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 oce\u013eov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Tepeln\u00e9 \u017eiarenie <\/strong>Ultrafialov\u00e9 svetlo m\u00f4\u017ee podporova\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 reakcie: infra\u010derven\u00e9 svetlo je s\u00edce nevidite\u013en\u00e9, ale dlh\u00e9 obdobie lokalizovan\u00e9ho ohrevu m\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 po\u017eiar hor\u013eav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov; priame slne\u010dn\u00e9 svetlo cez vypukl\u00e9 \u0161o\u0161ovky, kruhov\u00e9 banky sa s\u00fastred\u00ed a jeho ohnisko m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zdrojom vznietenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Kontrola v\u00fdbuchu <\/strong>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u0161k\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchmi je ve\u013emi v\u00e1\u017ena a vedeck\u00e1 prevencia v\u00fdbuchov je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eitou \u00falohou. Hlavn\u00e9 opatrenia na prevenciu v\u00fdbuchov s\u00fa tieto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Ochrana inertn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed <\/strong>v chemickej v\u00fdrobe sa pou\u017e\u00edva ako ochrann\u00fd inertn\u00fd plyn, najm\u00e4 dus\u00edk, oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, vodn\u00e1 para at\u010f. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti je potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pou\u017eitie ochrany inertn\u00fdmi m\u00e9diami v t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch: drvenie hor\u013eav\u00fdch tuh\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, proces triedenia a preprava ich pr\u00e1\u0161ku vy\u017eaduje ochranu inertn\u00fdmi m\u00e9diami; spracovanie syst\u00e9mu hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov pred pod\u00e1van\u00edm s n\u00e1hradou inertn\u00e9ho plynu na vyl\u00fa\u010denie p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho plynu v syst\u00e9me, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo vzniku v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch zmes\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Obmedzenie syst\u00e9mu <\/strong>Zabr\u00e1\u0148te \u00faniku hor\u013eav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a pr\u00edstupu vzduchu. Aby sa zabezpe\u010dila vzduchotesnos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu, nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenia a syst\u00e9my by sa mali sna\u017ei\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 spoje, menej pr\u00edrubov\u00e9 spoje: aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo \u00faniku toxick\u00fdch alebo v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch plynov mimo n\u00e1doby, m\u00f4\u017ee sa pou\u017ei\u0165 podtlakov\u00fd prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, pri v\u00fdrobe zariaden\u00ed pracuj\u00facich pod podtlakom by sa malo zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 pr\u00edvodu vzduchu: pod\u013ea po\u017eiadaviek na teplotu, tlak a m\u00e9di\u00e1 procesu, pou\u017eitie r\u00f4znych tesniacich tesnen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Vetranie a v\u00fdmena <\/strong>hor\u013eav\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aby dosiahli hranicu v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti. V pr\u00edpade, \u017ee zariadenie nem\u00f4\u017ee zaru\u010di\u0165 absol\u00fatne utesnenie, malo by sa v z\u00e1vode, dielni udr\u017eiava\u0165 dobr\u00e9 vetracie podmienky, aby sa \u00fanik mal\u00e9ho mno\u017estva hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov mohol \u013eahko odv\u00e1dza\u0165, aby sa nevytvorila v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e1 zmes plynov. Pri navrhovan\u00ed ventila\u010dn\u00e9ho ods\u00e1vacieho syst\u00e9mu by sa mala zoh\u013eadni\u0165 hustota hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov. Na miestach, kde sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny \u013eah\u0161ie ako vzduch (napr. vod\u00edk), by sa mali na streche z\u00e1vodu zriadi\u0165 ods\u00e1vacie kan\u00e1ly, ako s\u00fa svetl\u00edky: ke\u010f s\u00fa hor\u013eav\u00e9 plyny \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie ako vzduch, unikaj\u00face plyny sa m\u00f4\u017eu hromadi\u0165 v n\u00edzko polo\u017een\u00fdch oblastiach, ako s\u00fa \u017e\u013eaby, a vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 so vzduchom v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 zmesi plynov, a na t\u00fdchto miestach by sa mali prija\u0165 opatrenia na ods\u00e1vanie plynov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. In\u0161tal\u00e1cia syst\u00e9mu ochrany proti v\u00fdbuchu <\/strong>Syst\u00e9m na zadr\u017eiavanie v\u00fdbuchu pozost\u00e1va zo sn\u00edma\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu zisti\u0165 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdbuch a tlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1doby s hasiacim prostriedkom, n\u00e1doby s hasiacim prostriedkom prostredn\u00edctvom \u010dinnosti sn\u00edmacieho zariadenia, v \u010do najkrat\u0161om \u010dase rovnomerne rozpra\u0161uj\u00fa hasiaci prostriedok do n\u00e1dob, ktor\u00e9 treba chr\u00e1ni\u0165, horenie sa uhas\u00ed, aby sa kontroloval v\u00fdskyt v\u00fdbuchu. V syst\u00e9me stretnutia s v\u00fdbuchom sa v\u00fdbuch a horenie m\u00f4\u017eu zisti\u0165 sam\u00e9 a po ur\u010ditom \u010dase po v\u00fdpadku nap\u00e1jania m\u00f4\u017ee syst\u00e9m pokra\u010dova\u0165 v \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola II. Prevencia v\u00fdbuchov kvapal\u00edn<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00f4znych chemick\u00fdch podnikoch sa pri v\u00fdrobe ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva hor\u013eav\u00fdch, v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch a prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn pri najmen\u0161ej neopatrnosti v procese v\u00fdroby a skladovania vyskytn\u00fa po\u017eiarne nehody, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa za n\u00e1sledok obete na \u017eivotoch a \u0161kody na majetku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nebezpe\u010denstvo po\u017eiaru hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) Horenie a v\u00fdbu\u0161nos\u0165 <\/strong>Horenie a v\u00fdbu\u0161nos\u0165 hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn z\u00e1vis\u00ed od teploty vzplanutia a medze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti. Nad hor\u013eavou kvapalinou, zmesou pary a plynu so vzduchom v pr\u00edpade zdroja vznietenia nastane jav okam\u017eit\u00e9ho vznietenia zn\u00e1my ako bleskov\u00e9 vznietenie. Za stanoven\u00fdch experiment\u00e1lnych podmienok m\u00f4\u017ee povrch kvapaliny vyvola\u0165 najni\u017e\u0161iu teplotu bleskov\u00e9ho vznietenia sa naz\u00fdva bod vzplanutia. Kvapaln\u00e9 bleskov\u00e9 vznietenie, preto\u017ee jeho povrchov\u00e1 teplota nie je vysok\u00e1, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 odparovania je ni\u017e\u0161ia ako r\u00fdchlos\u0165 horenia, vznikaj\u00face pary nem\u00f4\u017eu doplni\u0165 sp\u00e1len\u00e9 pary, ale len udr\u017ea\u0165 okam\u017eit\u00e9 horenie. Rozhoduj\u00facu \u00falohu zohr\u00e1va proces odparovania pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed kvapaln\u00fdch hor\u013eav\u00edn. Bod vzplanutia je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd parameter, ktor\u00fd ud\u00e1va charakteristiky vyparovania hor\u013eav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn, ktor\u00fd mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 na meranie charakterist\u00edk vyparovania hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn a ve\u013ekosti nebezpe\u010denstva horenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) samovznietenie <\/strong>hor\u013eav\u00e9 prchav\u00e9 kvapaliny v nepr\u00edtomnosti zdroja zap\u00e1lenia pod vplyvom vonkaj\u0161ieho ohrevu sp\u00f4soben\u00e9ho vznieten\u00edm zn\u00e1mym ako samovznietenie. Bod samovznietenia kvapaliny nie je pevn\u00fdm parametrom fyzik\u00e1lnych vlastnost\u00ed, nes\u00favis\u00ed len s jej povahou, ale aj s tlakom, koncentr\u00e1ciou p\u00e1r, obsahom kysl\u00edka, katalyz\u00e1torom, vlastnos\u0165ami n\u00e1doby a in\u00fdmi faktormi. Hor\u013eav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 prchav\u00e9 kvapaliny sa m\u00f4\u017eu samovo\u013ene vznieti\u0165 pri zahriat\u00ed na bod samovznietenia a \u010d\u00edm je bod samovznietenia ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, t\u00fdm je nebezpe\u010denstvo po\u017eiaru v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee teplota samovznietenia homol\u00f3gu kles\u00e1 so zvy\u0161uj\u00facou sa molekulovou hmotnos\u0165ou, preto\u017ee v\u00e4zbov\u00e1 energia chemickej v\u00e4zby v homol\u00f3gu sa so zvy\u0161uj\u00facou sa molekulovou hmotnos\u0165ou zmen\u0161uje, \u010d\u00edm sa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 reakcie zr\u00fdch\u013euje a teplota samovznietenia kles\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) dif\u00fazia toku <\/strong>hor\u013eav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 prchav\u00e9 kvapaliny, ako napr\u00edklad \u00fanik, sa r\u00fdchlo rozpt\u00fdlia do v\u0161etk\u00fdch smerov. Kv\u00f4li kapil\u00e1rnemu efektu a infiltr\u00e1cii sa m\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i\u0165 plocha povrchu hor\u013eav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn, ur\u00fdchli\u0165 odparovanie, zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 ich koncentr\u00e1ciu vo vzduchu, \u013eahko sa \u0161\u00edri\u0165 po\u017eiar. Pri po\u017eiari kvapalina pr\u00fadiaca pozd\u013a\u017e ter\u00e9nu vytvor\u00ed \u201cte\u010d\u00faci ohe\u0148\u201d, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pr\u00fadenia \u010dasto sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee na mieste po\u017eiaru uviaznu \u013eudia a hasi\u010dsk\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u00e1ri musia v\u010das ust\u00fapi\u0165, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok ve\u013ek\u00e9 straty na \u017eivotoch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) tren\u00edm nabit\u00fd <\/strong>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn s\u00fa dielektrik\u00e1, napr\u00edklad \u00e9ter, ester, disulfid uhl\u00edka, ktor\u00fdch odpor je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako 10 3<\/sup> \u03a9 - cm, s\u00fa v procese plnenia, prepravy, tryskania ve\u013emi \u013eahko generuj\u00fa statick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje, ak sa nevenuje pozornos\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9mu procesu uzemnenia v\u010das, bud\u00fa nabit\u00e9, aby viedli pre\u010d, ke\u010f statick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje do ur\u010ditej miery vybij\u00fa iskry, \u010do vedie k hor\u013eavej a prchavej v\u00fdbu\u0161nej kvapaline a v\u00fdbuchu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Prevencia v\u00fdbuchu hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Opatrenia na predch\u00e1dzanie po\u017eiarom a v\u00fdbuchom hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na t\u00fdchto piatich technik\u00e1ch a z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch: vyl\u00fa\u010denie zdroja vznietenia; vyl\u00fa\u010denie vzduchu (kysl\u00edka); skladovanie kvapal\u00edn v uzavret\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch alebo zariadeniach; vetranie, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo dosiahnutiu koncentr\u00e1cie p\u00e1r hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn v rozsahu koncentr\u00e1cie horenia; a nahradenie vzduchu inertn\u00fdmi plynmi. Posledn\u00e9 \u0161tyri met\u00f3dy maj\u00fa zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 tomu, aby hor\u013eav\u00e9 prchav\u00e9 kvapaliny (pary) a vzduch tvorili hor\u013eav\u00fa, v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fa zmes. T\u00fdchto p\u00e4\u0165 met\u00f3d sa pou\u017e\u00edva s\u00fa\u010dasne, konkr\u00e9tne postupy s\u00fa nasledovn\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) V\u00fdroba, pou\u017e\u00edvanie a skladovanie hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn v z\u00e1vode a sklade by mali by\u0165 jedno- alebo dvoj\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00e9 budovy, ktor\u00e9 by mali by\u0165 dobre vetran\u00e9, pr\u00edsne zakazova\u0165 ohe\u0148 a dym v okol\u00ed a mali by by\u0165 \u010faleko od oh\u0148a, tepla, oxida\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dinidiel a kysel\u00edn. V lete by mali existova\u0165 tepelnoizola\u010dn\u00e9 a chladiace opatrenia, bod vzplanutia ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ako 23 \u2103 hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn, teplota v sklade spravidla nepresahuje 30 \u2103; pri druhoch s n\u00edzkym bodom varu, ako je \u00e9ter, s\u00edrouhl\u00edk, petrol\u00e9ter a in\u00e9 sklady, je \u017eiaduce prija\u0165 opatrenia na zn\u00ed\u017eenie teploty chladenia. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 skladovan\u00e9ho benz\u00e9nu, etanolu, benz\u00ednu at\u010f., v\u0161eobecne dostupn\u00e9 skladovacie n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Skladovacie n\u00e1dr\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e9 na vo\u013enom priestranstve, ale pri teplote nad 30 \u2103 by sa mali pou\u017ei\u0165 vyn\u00faten\u00e9 chladiace opatrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Pou\u017e\u00edvanie a skladovanie hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn by sa malo zaklada\u0165 na pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch predpisoch a norm\u00e1ch s cie\u013eom vybra\u0165 nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 zariadenia. Pri nakladan\u00ed a vykladan\u00ed a manipul\u00e1cii by mali by\u0165 \u013eahk\u00e9, zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 valenie, trenie, \u0165ahanie a in\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 ohrozuj\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky je pr\u00edsne zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u017eelezn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na iskrenie a nosi\u0165 obuv so \u017eelezn\u00fdmi klincami. Motorov\u00e9 vozidl\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 musia vch\u00e1dza\u0165 do are\u00e1lu, by mali by\u0165 prednostne nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9ho typu a ich v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 potrubia by mali by\u0165 vybaven\u00e9 spo\u013eahliv\u00fdmi hasiacimi pr\u00edstrojmi proti iskr\u00e1m a ochrann\u00fdmi prep\u00e1\u017ekami alebo tepelnoizola\u010dn\u00fdmi panelmi, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo kvapkaniu hor\u013eav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov na v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 potrubia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Pri plnen\u00ed hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn by sa mal v n\u00e1dobe ponecha\u0165 pr\u00e1zdny priestor v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako 5% a nemala by sa plni\u0165 a\u017e po okraj, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo rozp\u00ednaniu alebo v\u00fdbuchu hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn v d\u00f4sledku tepla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Nesm\u00fa sa mie\u0161a\u0165 s in\u00fdmi chemick\u00fdmi rizikami. Experiment\u00e1lne a ponechan\u00e9 ako vzorka mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu flia\u0161 s hor\u013eav\u00fdmi a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdmi prchav\u00fdmi kvapalinami sa m\u00f4\u017ee zriadi\u0165 skrinka na nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie, pod\u013ea charakteru skladovania v oddelen\u00ed, v tom istom oddelen\u00ed sa nesm\u00fa skladova\u0165 v charaktere konfliktn\u00fdch polo\u017eiek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Pre hor\u013eav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 prchav\u00e9 kvapaliny r\u00f4znej povahy a r\u00f4zneho stup\u0148a nebezpe\u010denstva by sa mali zvoli\u0165 podmienky skladovania v s\u00falade s predpismi. Najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpade hor\u013eav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch kvapal\u00edn s n\u00edzkym bodom vzplanutia by mali by\u0165 podmienky skladovania pr\u00edsnej\u0161ie, ak je to potrebn\u00e9, aby sa prijala ochrana inertn\u00fdm plynom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) V celom procese v\u00fdroby, prepravy, nakladania a vykladania, skladovania a pou\u017e\u00edvania prijmite \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 antistatick\u00e9 a bleskov\u00e9 opatrenia, aby ste zabr\u00e1nili vzniku statick\u00fdch po\u017eiarov a po\u017eiarov sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch bleskom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola III Prevencia v\u00fdbuchov prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roku 1906 do\u0161lo vo Franc\u00fazsku v uho\u013enej bani Couriers (Kuri\u00e9ri) k v\u00fdbuchu, ktor\u00fd si vy\u017eiadal 1 099 obet\u00ed a \u0161okoval cel\u00e9 krajiny. Vtedy za\u010dali vedci venova\u0165 skuto\u010dn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 \u0161t\u00fadiu v\u00fdbuchov prachu, ale oblas\u0165 v\u00fdskumu bola obmedzen\u00e1 na ve\u013ek\u00e9 uho\u013en\u00e9 bane. Po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny sa rozsah v\u00fdskumu v\u00fdbuchov prachu len postupne roz\u0161\u00edril na z\u00e1vody na spracovanie kovov, chemick\u00fdch surov\u00edn. K prachov\u00fdm hav\u00e1ri\u00e1m do\u0161lo aj v posledn\u00fdch rokoch, 2. augusta 2014 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdbuchu hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho prachu v Suzhou Kunshan Zhongrong Machinery Factory; 29. apr\u00edla 2016 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdbuchu hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho prachu v Shenzhen Jingyixing Hardware Factory: 31. marca 2019 do\u0161lo k deflagra\u010dnej hav\u00e1rii v kontajneri skladuj\u00facom odpad zo zliatiny hor\u010d\u00edka pred obr\u00e1bacou diel\u0148ou Suzhou Kunshan Hunding Precision Metals Co, Ltd, \u010do malo za n\u00e1sledok sedem \u00famrt\u00ed a p\u00e4\u0165 zranen\u00fdch os\u00f4b. V\u00fdskyt t\u00fdchto neh\u00f4d si vy\u017eiadal v\u00e1\u017ene obete a priniesol spolo\u010dnosti obrovsk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rske straty a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyvolal poplach v oblasti prevencie a kontroly v\u00fdbuchu prachu, \u010do v spolo\u010dnosti vyvolalo ve\u013ek\u00e9 obavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Podmienky v\u00fdbuchu prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na v\u00fdbuch prachu sa zvy\u010dajne vy\u017eaduje p\u00e4\u0165 prvkov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd hor\u013eav\u00fd prach;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Prach je vo vzduchu suspendovan\u00fd v ur\u010ditej koncentr\u00e1cii;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 zdroja vznietenia dostato\u010dn\u00e9ho na to, aby sp\u00f4sobil v\u00fdbuch prachu;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Pomocn\u00e9 zariadenia;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Obmedzen\u00fd priestor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri uveden\u00fdch podmienkach m\u00f4\u017ee prach vybuchn\u00fa\u0165, je to sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u017ee suspenzia hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu vo vzduchu tvor\u00ed vysoko rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jeho povrchov\u00e1 energia (obsiahnut\u00e1 v adsorpcii a aktivite) sa v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161ila: z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa prachov\u00e9 \u010dastice a vzduch medzi rozhran\u00edm medzi kysl\u00edkom na zv\u00fd\u0161enie dod\u00e1vky kysl\u00edka je viac ako dos\u0165, dostato\u010dne energetick\u00fd zdroj vznietenia, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 reakcie sa prudko zv\u00fd\u0161ila a bol v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Proces a charakteristika v\u00fdbuchu prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Preva\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina v\u00fdbuchov prachu prech\u00e1dza t\u00fdmito f\u00e1zami: po prv\u00e9, suspendovan\u00fd vo vzduchu hor\u013eav\u00fd povrch prachu prij\u00edma energiu zdroja zap\u00e1lenia, povrchov\u00e1 teplota r\u00fdchlo st\u00fapa; po druh\u00e9, povrch prachov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc molekul\u00e1rneho tepeln\u00e9ho rozkladu alebo suchej destil\u00e1cie, \u010do vedie k uvo\u013e\u0148ovaniu hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov z povrchu prachov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc do plynnej f\u00e1zy; a potom uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov a vzduchu (alebo kysl\u00edka a in\u00fdch plynov podporovan\u00fdch horen\u00edm) zmie\u0161an\u00fdch s tvorbou v\u00fdbu\u0161nej zmesi. N\u00e1sledne sa zap\u00e1li zdrojom zap\u00e1lenia a vytvor\u00ed plame\u0148; napokon teplo \u0161\u00edren\u00e9 t\u00fdmto plame\u0148om a \u010falej podporuje rozklad okolit\u00e9ho prachu, nepretr\u017eit\u00e9 uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov v plynnej f\u00e1ze a ich mie\u0161anie so vzduchom, tak\u017ee plame\u0148 sa \u010falej \u0161\u00edri, \u010do vedie k prudk\u00e9mu v\u00fdbuchu prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V porovnan\u00ed so v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm v\u00fdbuchom plynu m\u00e1 v\u00fdbuch prachu tieto vlastnosti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 v\u00fdbuchy s\u00fa najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou vlastnos\u0165ou v\u00fdbuchu prachu. Prv\u00fd v\u00fdbuch vzduchovej vlny sa usad\u00ed v zariaden\u00ed alebo prach na zemi vylet\u00ed do vzduchu, v kr\u00e1tkom \u010dase po v\u00fdbuchu sa v centre v\u00fdbuchu vytvor\u00ed podtlak, okolit\u00fd \u010derstv\u00fd vzduch sa napln\u00ed zvonku dovn\u00fatra a prach sa mie\u0161an\u00edm zdvihne, \u010d\u00edm sa spust\u00ed sekund\u00e1rny v\u00fdbuch. Pri druhom v\u00fdbuchu bude koncentr\u00e1cia prachu vy\u0161\u0161ia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Minim\u00e1lna energia vznietenia potrebn\u00e1 na v\u00fdbuch prachu je vo v\u0161eobecnosti r\u00e1dovo desiatky milijoulov alebo viac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) tlak pri v\u00fdbuchu prachu pomaly st\u00fapa, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak trv\u00e1 dlho, uvo\u013e\u0148uje sa energia, siln\u00e1 de\u0161trukt\u00edvna sila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Prevencia a kontrola v\u00fdbuchov prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prevencia neh\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchom prachu, predch\u00e1dzanie obetiam neh\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchom prachu a zni\u017eovanie str\u00e1t pri nehod\u00e1ch sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchom prachu sa stali spolo\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov a regula\u010dn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov. Pod\u013ea piatich prvkov v\u00fdbuchu prachu a s\u00favisiacich ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facich faktorov, pokia\u013e vo v\u00fdrobe zni\u010d\u00edte vznik jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch z nich, m\u00f4\u017eete urobi\u0165, aby ste zabr\u00e1nili v\u00fdbuchom prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Optimalizujte n\u00e1vrh rozlo\u017eenia <\/strong>Pri n\u00e1vrhu usporiadania z\u00e1vodu by sa malo najprv rozumne vybra\u0165 umiestnenie z\u00e1vodu a umiestnenie pra\u0161nej dielne na celkovom pl\u00e1ne z\u00e1vodu by malo by\u0165 primeran\u00e9. V pr\u00edpade centralizovan\u00fdch vykurovac\u00edch oblast\u00ed by mala by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e1 na n\u00e1veternej strane prevl\u00e1daj\u00faceho smeru vetra v obdob\u00ed mimo vykurovania ostatn\u00fdch budov V pr\u00edpade necentralizovan\u00fdch vykurovac\u00edch oblast\u00ed by mala by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e1 na n\u00e1veternej strane prevl\u00e1daj\u00faceho smeru vetra po\u010das cel\u00e9ho roka. Budovy (stavby) in\u0161talovan\u00e9 s technologick\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm s nebezpe\u010denstvom v\u00fdbuchu prachu alebo s pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu by mali by\u0165 oddelen\u00e9 od ostatn\u00fdch budov (stavieb) a ich po\u017eiarne oddelenie by malo by\u0165 v s\u00falade s pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi predpismi. Budova by mala by\u0165 jednopodla\u017en\u00e1 a strecha by mala ma\u0165 \u013eahk\u00fa kon\u0161trukciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) kontrola zhlukovania, suspenzie a poletovania prachu <\/strong>V\u010dasn\u00e9 odstr\u00e1nenie hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu suspendovan\u00e9ho vo vzduchu, zn\u00ed\u017eenie koncentr\u00e1cie hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu v hor\u013eavom materi\u00e1li, aby sa zabezpe\u010dilo, \u017ee nie je v medziach v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti, aby sa z\u00e1sadne zabr\u00e1nilo v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdbuchu hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Zn\u00ed\u017ete vystavenie prachu.<\/strong> Technick\u00fdmi prostriedkami na \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie expoz\u00edcie prachu s\u00fa uzavret\u00e1 prev\u00e1dzka v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a in\u0161tal\u00e1cia zariaden\u00ed na pohlcovanie prachu na miestach, kde sa vytv\u00e1ra prach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Opatrenia na potla\u010denie pra\u0161nosti.<\/strong> Opatrenia na potla\u010denie pra\u0161nosti s\u00fa opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 br\u00e1nia vzn\u00e1\u0161aniu sa prachu alebo zni\u017euj\u00fa mno\u017estvo vznikaj\u00faceho prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Odstr\u00e1\u0148te pretlak.<\/strong> Prach z v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho zariadenia pri \u00faniku jedn\u00e9ho z d\u00f4vodov poklesu materi\u00e1lu vyvol\u00e1va ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo vzduchu v uzavretom kryte, aby sa vytvoril pozit\u00edvny tlak, aby sa tento \u00fa\u010dinok zmiernil a odstr\u00e1nil, mal by sa zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd rozdiel medzi padaj\u00facim materi\u00e1lom, spr\u00e1vne zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 uhol sklonu \u017e\u013eabu, izolova\u0165 pr\u00fadenie vzduchu, zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 mno\u017estvo vyvolan\u00e9ho vzduchu, zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 spodn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 pozit\u00edvneho tlaku at\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Zlep\u0161en\u00e9 odstra\u0148ovanie prachu.<\/strong> Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 odstra\u0148ovanie prachu sa vz\u0165ahuje na opatrenia na zn\u00ed\u017eenie koncentr\u00e1cie prachu prostredn\u00edctvom vetrania a syst\u00e9mov na odstra\u0148ovanie prachu, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ako lok\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m odstra\u0148ovania prachu alebo sa m\u00f4\u017eu doplni\u0165 \u00fapln\u00fdm ods\u00e1van\u00edm alebo prirodzen\u00fdm ods\u00e1van\u00edm. Vetranie a odstra\u0148ovanie prachu by sa malo nastavi\u0165 v s\u00falade s procesom relat\u00edvne nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu odstra\u0148ovania prachu, v\u0161etky miesta produkuj\u00face prach by mali by\u0165 vybaven\u00e9 ods\u00e1va\u010dmi prachu, v potrub\u00ed by nemalo doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k zr\u00e1\u017eaniu prachu a in\u0161tal\u00e1cia, pou\u017e\u00edvanie a \u00fadr\u017eba odlu\u010dova\u010dov prachu by mali by\u0165 v s\u00falade s pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi ustanoveniami. Okrem toho existuje elektrostatick\u00e1 elimin\u00e1cia prachu a mokr\u00e1 elimin\u00e1cia prachu a \u010fal\u0161ie opatrenia. Zariadenie na elimin\u00e1ciu elektrostatick\u00e9ho prachu je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na met\u00f3dach elektrick\u00e9ho odstra\u0148ovania prachu a kontroly zdroja prachu, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148a najm\u00e4 vysokonap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 nap\u00e1jacie zariadenie a elektrick\u00e9 zariadenie na zachyt\u00e1vanie prachu (vr\u00e1tane uzavret\u00fdch ods\u00e1va\u010dov a ods\u00e1vac\u00edch kan\u00e1lov) dve \u010dasti. Mokr\u00e1 elimin\u00e1cia prachu znamen\u00e1, \u017ee za podmienok, ktor\u00e9 povo\u013euje proces, sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165 opatrenia na mokr\u00fa elimin\u00e1ciu prachu na dosiahnutie \u00fa\u010delu prevencie prachu. V procese mokrej elimin\u00e1cie hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho a hor\u010d\u00edkov\u00e9ho prachu sa pou\u017eit\u00edm \u0161pir\u00e1lov\u00fdch rozpra\u0161ovac\u00edch d\u00fdz rie\u0161i probl\u00e9m tradi\u010dnej d\u00fdzy, ktor\u00e1 sa \u013eahko upch\u00e1va, a zvy\u0161uje sa \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 zachyt\u00e1vania prachu. Okrem toho pre s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd bansk\u00fd zbera\u010d prachu existuje n\u00edzka \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165, za\u0165a\u017eenie \u00fadr\u017ebou, vedci navrhli PLC (programovate\u013en\u00fd regul\u00e1tor) automatick\u00e9 riadenie syst\u00e9mu odstra\u0148ovania prachu z ploch\u00e9ho vreca, zlep\u0161uj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 odstra\u0148ovania prachu a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

e. Opatrenia na zn\u00ed\u017eenie pra\u0161nosti.<\/strong> Zni\u017eovanie pra\u0161nosti je hlavne opatrenie, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edva met\u00f3dy, ako je postrek, na zachyt\u00e1vanie vzniknut\u00e9ho prachu, ktor\u00fd sa men\u00ed na pl\u00e1vaj\u00faci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

f. Regulujte relat\u00edvnu vlhkos\u0165 vzduchu na pracovisku.<\/strong> Rozumn\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 usporiadanie zvlh\u010dovacieho rozpra\u0161ovacieho zariadenia vo v\u00fdrobnej dielni m\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 relat\u00edvnu vlhkos\u0165 vzduchu, \u010d\u00edm sa zn\u00ed\u017ei rozptyl prachu, zlep\u0161\u00ed sa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 usadzovania prachu a zabr\u00e1ni sa dosiahnutiu medznej koncentr\u00e1cie prachu pri v\u00fdbuchu. Ke\u010f relat\u00edvna vlhkos\u0165 vzduchu dosiahne 65% alebo viac, m\u00f4\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinne podpori\u0165 usadzovanie prachu a zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 tvorbe prachov\u00fdch mrakov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

g. \u010eal\u0161ie po\u017eiadavky na nastavenie, ako je podlaha a \u017e\u013eab.<\/strong> Mali by sa pou\u017ei\u0165 neiskriace podlahov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, a ak sa ako celkov\u00fd povrch pou\u017eij\u00fa izola\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, mali by sa prija\u0165 antistatick\u00e9 opatrenia: vn\u00fatorn\u00fd povrch zariadenia emituj\u00faceho hor\u013eav\u00fd prach a vl\u00e1kna by mal by\u0165 rovn\u00fd, hladk\u00fd a \u013eahko \u010distite\u013en\u00fd: nie je \u017eiaduce zriadi\u0165 v zariaden\u00ed \u017e\u013eab, a ak je to nevyhnutn\u00e9, kryt by mal by\u0165 tesn\u00fd a mali by sa prija\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 opatrenia na zabr\u00e1nenie hromadeniu hor\u013eav\u00fdch plynov, hor\u013eav\u00fdch v\u00fdparov a prachu v \u017e\u013eabe a mal by by\u0165 spojen\u00fd so susedn\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm. Utesnen\u00e9 oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Zabr\u00e1nenie po\u017eiaru prachov\u00fdch oblakov a vrstiev prachu <\/strong>Pri prevencii samovznietenia pr\u00e1\u0161kov by sa mali hor\u00face pr\u00e1\u0161ky schopn\u00e9 samovznietenia pred skladovan\u00edm ochladi\u0165 na norm\u00e1lnu teplotu skladovania; pri skladovan\u00ed vo\u013ene lo\u017een\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku schopn\u00e9ho samovznietenia vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch by sa mala teplota pr\u00e1\u0161ku priebe\u017ene monitorova\u0165; ak sa zist\u00ed, \u017ee teplota je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 alebo sa zr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa plyny, mali by sa prija\u0165 opatrenia na ochladenie pr\u00e1\u0161ku; a syst\u00e9m vykladania by mal by\u0165 vybaven\u00fd opatreniami na zabr\u00e1nenie zhlukovaniu pr\u00e1\u0161kov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Odstr\u00e1nenie kontrolovan\u00fdch zdrojov vznietenia <\/strong>Odstr\u00e1nenie kontrolovan\u00fdch zdrojov vznietenia je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm krokom pri prevencii v\u00fdbuchov prachu. \u0160pecifick\u00e9 pre konkr\u00e9tny zdroj vznietenia, mus\u00ed vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z konkr\u00e9tneho prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9ho prostredia pre cielen\u00fa prevenciu zdrojov vznietenia, tu s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky a opatrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Zabr\u00e1nenie vznieteniu otvoren\u00e9ho oh\u0148a a hor\u00facich povrchov.<\/strong> Prv\u00fdm krokom je kontrola zdrojov vznietenia vytvoren\u00fdch \u010dlovekom a z\u00e1kaz v\u0161etk\u00fdch druhov otvoren\u00e9ho oh\u0148a, ako s\u00fa cigarety, osvetlenie, rezanie at\u010f., na miestach s hor\u013eav\u00fdm prachom. V\u0161etky oblasti v\u00fdroby hor\u013eav\u00e9ho prachu by mali by\u0165 klasifikovan\u00e9 ako z\u00f3ny so z\u00e1kazom \u0161\u00edrenia oh\u0148a a pou\u017e\u00edvanie otvoren\u00e9ho oh\u0148a by malo by\u0165 pr\u00edsne kontrolovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak je potrebn\u00e9 vykona\u0165 oper\u00e1ciu s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om na mieste s nebezpe\u010denstvom v\u00fdbuchu prachu, mali by sa dodr\u017ea\u0165 tieto ustanovenia: schv\u00e1li\u0165 osobou zodpovednou za bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a z\u00edska\u0165 po\u017eiarne povolenie; pred za\u010dat\u00edm oper\u00e1cie s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om by sa mal hor\u013eav\u00fd prach v mieste oper\u00e1cie s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om vy\u010disti\u0165 a vybavi\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fdm hasiacim zariaden\u00edm; \u00fasek, kde sa vykon\u00e1va oper\u00e1cia s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om, by mal by\u0165 oddelen\u00fd alebo predelen\u00fd od ostatn\u00fdch \u00fasekov: po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om a po\u010das ochladzovania po ukon\u010den\u00ed prev\u00e1dzky by sa do priestoru prev\u00e1dzky s otvoren\u00fdm plame\u0148om nemal dosta\u0165 \u017eiadny prach. Pr\u00e1ca mus\u00ed by\u0165 oddelen\u00e1 alebo predelen\u00e1 od ostatn\u00fdch z\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ochrana pred elektrick\u00fdm obl\u00fakom a iskrami.<\/strong> Na miestach s nebezpe\u010denstvom v\u00fdbuchu prachu by sa mali prija\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 opatrenia na ochranu pred bleskom. V pr\u00edpade nebezpe\u010denstva statickej elektriny by sa mali na mieste in\u0161talova\u0165 antistatick\u00e9 zariadenia a mali by sa prija\u0165 opatrenia, ako je elektrostatick\u00e9 uzemnenie potrub\u00ed a zariaden\u00ed. V\u0161etky kovov\u00e9 zariadenia, pl\u00e1\u0161te zariaden\u00ed, kovov\u00e9 potrubia, konzoly, s\u00fa\u010diastky, diely at\u010f. spravidla pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa antistatick\u00e9 priame uzemnenie, nevhodn\u00e9 priame uzemnenie, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nepriamo uzemnen\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom vodiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov alebo v\u00fdrobkov; priamo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na obsiahnutie pr\u00edstroja na sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie pr\u00e1\u0161ku, potrubia na dopravu pr\u00e1\u0161ku (p\u00e1su) at\u010f. by mali by\u0165 vyroben\u00e9 z kovu alebo antistatick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a v\u0161etky kovov\u00e9 pr\u00edpojky potrubia (napr\u00edklad pr\u00edruby) by mali by\u0165 preklenut\u00e9: prev\u00e1dzkovate\u013e Prev\u00e1dzkovatelia by mali prija\u0165 antistatick\u00e9 opatrenia. V s\u00falade s normou \u201cV\u0161eobecn\u00e9 usmernenia na prevenciu neh\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch statickou elektrinou\u201d by sa mali prija\u0165 zodpovedaj\u00face prevent\u00edvne opatrenia na v\u00fdber materi\u00e1lov, in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu zariaden\u00ed a antistatick\u00e9 navrhovanie, prev\u00e1dzku a riadenie procesu, aby sa kontrolovala tvorba statickej elektriny a zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) kontrola l\u00e1tok vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00facich horenie <\/strong>Hlavn\u00fdm prevent\u00edvnym opatren\u00edm v tejto oblasti je pou\u017e\u00edvanie ochrany inertn\u00fdm plynom. Princ\u00edp ochrany inertn\u00fdm plynom spo\u010d\u00edva v zmesi prachu a vzduchu, naplnenej inertn\u00fdmi plynmi, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa hor\u013eav\u00e9 ani nevyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa horenie, \u010d\u00edm sa zni\u017euje obsah kysl\u00edka v syst\u00e9me, tak\u017ee nem\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k v\u00fdbuchu prachu v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku kysl\u00edka. Inertn\u00e9 plyny, ako napr\u00edklad CO2 <\/sup>a N2 <\/sup>sa be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v priemysle na inertn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v dielni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) priestorov\u00e9 obmedzenia <\/strong>S\u00fa\u010dasnou hlavnou met\u00f3dou rie\u0161enia probl\u00e9mu priestorov\u00fdch obmedzen\u00ed je zriadenie nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed na od\u013eah\u010denie tlaku. Praktick\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee vo vhodn\u00fdch \u010dastiach zariadenia alebo prev\u00e1dzky zriadi\u0165 slab\u00fa plochu (od\u013eah\u010dovaciu plochu), ktorou mo\u017eno odv\u00e1dza\u0165 do vonkaj\u0161ieho priestoru v\u00fdbuchu po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fd tlak, plame\u0148, prach a produkty, \u010d\u00edm sa zn\u00ed\u017ei tlak v\u00fdbuchu, zn\u00ed\u017eia sa straty pri v\u00fdbuchu. Pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed technol\u00f3gie od\u013eah\u010denia v\u00fdbuchu treba venova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165 potrebe zoh\u013eadni\u0165 maxim\u00e1lny tlak v\u00fdbuchu prachu a maxim\u00e1lnu r\u00fdchlos\u0165 tlaku, okrem toho treba zoh\u013eadni\u0165 objem a \u0161trukt\u00faru zariadenia alebo prev\u00e1dzky, ako aj povrch od\u013eah\u010denia tlaku materi\u00e1lu, pevnos\u0165, tvar a \u0161trukt\u00faru. Ako od\u013eah\u010dovac\u00ed povrch zariaden\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edva trhacia doska, bo\u010dn\u00e9 dvere, v\u00fdklopn\u00e9 okn\u00e1 at\u010f.; od\u013eah\u010dovac\u00ed povrch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vyroben\u00fd z kovovej f\u00f3lie, vodotesn\u00e9ho papiera, plachty, plastov\u00fdch f\u00f3li\u00ed, gumy, azbestu, sadrokart\u00f3nu at\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) In\u00e9 faktory <\/strong>V\u00fdbuchy prachu musia ma\u0165 vo v\u0161eobecnosti p\u00e4\u0165 prvkov: hor\u013eav\u00fd prach, oblak prachu, zdroj vznietenia, ur\u00fdch\u013eova\u010de, obmedzenia priestoru. Okrem toho na v\u00fdbuch prachu vpl\u00fdva nieko\u013eko d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch faktorov, prevencia v\u00fdbuchov prachu m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Medza v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti prachu.<\/strong> Prach v ur\u010ditej koncentr\u00e1cii suspendovan\u00fd vo vzduchu je jednou z podmienok vzniku v\u00fdbuchu prachu, pri\u010dom kvantifik\u00e1cia \u201cur\u010ditej koncentr\u00e1cie\u201d je medznou hodnotou pre v\u00fdbuch prachu. Medza v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti prachu je zmes prachu a vzduchu, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee vybuchn\u00fa\u0165 v pr\u00edpade zap\u00e1lenia zdrojov prachu minim\u00e1lnou koncentr\u00e1ciou (doln\u00e1 hranica) alebo maxim\u00e1lnou koncentr\u00e1ciou (horn\u00e1 hranica), spravidla vyjadrenou v jednotkovom objeme priestoru obsiahnut\u00e9ho v prachovej hmote. Pri zn\u00e1mom chemickom zlo\u017een\u00ed prachu a spa\u013eovacom teple a pri ur\u010dit\u00fdch zjednodu\u0161uj\u00facich predpokladoch mo\u017eno vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 medzu v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti, ale zvy\u010dajne sa na jej ur\u010denie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 pr\u00edstroje. Experimenty uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 prachy maj\u00fa doln\u00fa hranicu v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti 20-60 g\/m\u00b3 a horn\u00fa hranicu v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti 2000-6000 g\/m\u00b3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Minim\u00e1lna detona\u010dn\u00e1 energia v\u00fdbuchu.<\/strong> V\u00fdbuch prachu s minim\u00e1lnou detona\u010dnou energiou mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 aj z energie iskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboja. Hor\u013eav\u00fd prach, ktor\u00fd sa dot\u00fdka z\u00e1paln\u00e9ho zdroja s energiou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou, ako je jeho minim\u00e1lna detona\u010dn\u00e1 energia, m\u00f4\u017ee vybuchn\u00fa\u0165. Preto m\u00e1 kontrola minim\u00e1lnej detona\u010dnej energie prachu pri prevencii v\u00fdbuchu prachu ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Fyzik\u00e1lne a chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti prachu.<\/strong> \u010c\u00edm viac hor\u013eav\u00fdch prchav\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek prachu obsahuje, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie je riziko v\u00fdbuchu a jeho v\u00fdbuchov\u00fd tlak a r\u00fdchlos\u0165 n\u00e1rastu tlaku s\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie. Preto\u017ee tento typ prchav\u00e9ho prachu uvo\u013e\u0148uje viac plynu, ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo plynu a vzduchu sa zmie\u0161a a vytvor\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fa zmes, \u010d\u00edm sa reakcia syst\u00e9mu st\u00e1va \u013eah\u0161ou a prud\u0161ou. Ke\u010f\u017ee teplo horenia a uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie mno\u017estva plynu z prachu maj\u00fa vz\u0165ah, tak vysok\u00e9 teplo horenia prachu je n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na v\u00fdbuch; okrem toho r\u00fdchlos\u0165 oxid\u00e1cie prachu, ako je hor\u010d\u00edk, oxid \u017eelezit\u00fd, farbiv\u00e1 at\u010f. s\u00fa n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na v\u00fdbuch a maxim\u00e1lny tlak v\u00fdbuchu je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, \u013eahko sa nab\u00edjaj\u00faci prach je tie\u017e n\u00e1chyln\u00fd na v\u00fdbuch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u010dast\u00edc prachu.<\/strong> Ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u010dast\u00edc m\u00e1 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd vplyv na v\u00fdbuch prachu. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161ia je ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u010dast\u00edc prachu, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed je jeho \u0161pecifick\u00fd povrch, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je jeho disperzia vo vzduchu a t\u00fdm dlh\u0161\u00ed je \u010das suspenzie, t\u00fdm silnej\u0161ia je aktivita adsorbovan\u00e9ho kysl\u00edka, t\u00fdm r\u00fdchlej\u0161ia je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 oxida\u010dnej reakcie, a teda t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je pravdepodobnos\u0165 v\u00fdbuchu, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee minim\u00e1lna energia vznietenia a spodn\u00e1 hranica v\u00fdbuchu je men\u0161ia a maxim\u00e1lny tlak v\u00fdbuchu a maxim\u00e1lna r\u00fdchlos\u0165 n\u00e1rastu tlaku s\u00fa primerane v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie. Ak je ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u010dast\u00edc prachu pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ek\u00e1, str\u00e1ca preto v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 vlastnosti. Napr\u00edklad prach z polyetyl\u00e9nu, m\u00faky a metylcelul\u00f3zy s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou \u010dast\u00edc v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou ako 400 \u03bcm nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u010dast\u00edc uho\u013en\u00e9ho prachu s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou men\u0161ou ako 1\/15 ~ 1\/10 mm m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 explodova\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako kritick\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 v\u00fdbuchu hrub\u00e9ho prachu zmie\u0161an\u00e9ho s ur\u010dit\u00fdm mno\u017estvom jemn\u00e9ho prachu m\u00f4\u017eu vybuchn\u00fa\u0165, m\u00f4\u017ee sa z nich sta\u0165 v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e1 zmes.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-explosion-proof-equipment"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Joe","author_link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/author\/jacklin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2156"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2303,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions\/2303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}