{"id":2156,"date":"2025-03-02T16:56:21","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T08:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/?p=2156"},"modified":"2025-03-06T23:03:20","modified_gmt":"2025-03-06T15:03:20","slug":"explosion-proof-measures-for-hazardous-chemicals-in-different-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/explosion-proof-equipment\/explosion-proof-measures-for-hazardous-chemicals-in-different-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Opat\u0159en\u00ed proti v\u00fdbuchu pro nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch st\u00e1tech"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed pro nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch st\u00e1tech<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola I. Prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f plyn\u016f<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Po\u017e\u00e1r obvykle vznik\u00e1 a postupn\u011b se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed a roz\u0161i\u0159uje, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u0161kody se s \u010dasem dramaticky zvy\u0161uj\u00ed. Pro po\u017e\u00e1r je st\u00e1le relevantn\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ha\u0161en\u00ed. Naproti tomu v\u00fdbuchy jsou n\u00e1hl\u00e9 a ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f je proces exploze dokon\u010den v jednom okam\u017eiku a ob\u011bti a materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody jsou zp\u016fsobeny v jednom okam\u017eiku. Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee po\u017e\u00e1r zp\u016fsobit tak\u00e9 v\u00fdbuch, proto\u017ee ohe\u0148 v otev\u0159en\u00e9m ohni a vysok\u00e1 teplota mohou zp\u016fsobit explozi ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u017e\u00e1r skladu ropy nebo v\u00fdbu\u0161nin m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit v\u00fdbuch uzav\u0159en\u00fdch sud\u016f s olejem, v\u00fdbu\u0161nin; n\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e1tky p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b nevybuchnou, nap\u0159\u00edklad kyselina octov\u00e1, p\u0159i po\u017e\u00e1ru za vysok\u00fdch teplot se mohou st\u00e1t v\u00fdbu\u0161ninami. V\u00fdbuchy mohou tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobit po\u017e\u00e1ry, v\u00fdbuchy vrh ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f mohou zp\u016fsobit rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1ry, nap\u0159\u00edklad ut\u011bsn\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee na topn\u00fd olej po v\u00fdbuchu v d\u016fsledku \u00faniku oleje zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho po\u017e\u00e1rem. Proto v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po\u017e\u00e1ru, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo p\u0159er\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru ve v\u00fdbuch: kdy\u017e dojde k v\u00fdbuchu, ale tak\u00e9 vz\u00edt v \u00favahu mo\u017enost vzniku po\u017e\u00e1ru a v\u010das p\u0159ijmout preventivn\u00ed a z\u00e1chrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch plyn\u016f<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) <\/strong>Ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 <\/strong>hlavn\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee jsou ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 a v\u0161echny ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny v mez\u00edch v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti se mohou vzn\u00edtit nebo explodovat p\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed se zdrojem zap\u00e1len\u00ed a n\u011bkter\u00e9 ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny mohou explodovat p\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u016fsoben\u00edm zdroje zap\u00e1len\u00ed s velmi malou energi\u00ed. Stupe\u0148 obt\u00ed\u017enosti ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f p\u0159i po\u017e\u00e1ru nebo v\u00fdbuchu na vzduchu z\u00e1vis\u00ed krom\u011b vlivu velikosti energie zdroje zap\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na jejich chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed. Chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed ur\u010duje velikost rozsahu koncentrace ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f, bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed vysok\u00fd a n\u00edzk\u00fd, rychlost ho\u0159en\u00ed a vznik tepla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Difuzivita <\/strong>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 l\u00e1tka v plynn\u00e9m stavu nem\u00e1 pevn\u00fd tvar ani objem a m\u016f\u017ee samovoln\u011b vyplnit jakoukoli n\u00e1dobu. Plyny se velmi snadno \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi molekulami a mal\u00fdm interak\u010dn\u00edm sil\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Smr\u0161titelnost a rozp\u00ednavost <\/strong>Objem plynu se rozp\u00edn\u00e1 a smr\u0161\u0165uje v z\u00e1vislosti na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed teploty a jeho rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a smr\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u kapaliny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1no <\/strong>podle principu elektrostatick\u00e9 generace lze vid\u011bt, \u017ee t\u0159en\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli p\u0159edm\u011btu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed statickou elekt\u0159inu. Stla\u010den\u00fd nebo zkapaln\u011bn\u00fd plyn je tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpad, jako je vod\u00edk, ethylen, acetylen, zemn\u00ed plyn, zkapaln\u011bn\u00fd ropn\u00fd plyn atd. z \u00fast\u00ed potrub\u00ed nebo rozbit\u00fd p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 rychlosti m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et statickou elekt\u0159inu, hlavn\u011b kv\u016fli tomu, \u017ee plyn obsahuje pevn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice nebo kapaln\u00e9 ne\u010distoty, v tlaku vysokorychlostn\u00edho rozst\u0159iku s tryskou vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed siln\u00e9 t\u0159en\u00ed. Ne\u010distoty a rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed vznik elektrostatick\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f v kapalin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1pl\u0148 je jedn\u00edm z parametr\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00edho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f. Se znalost\u00ed nab\u00edjec\u00ed schopnosti ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f lze p\u0159ijmout odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako je uzemn\u011bn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kontrola pr\u016ftoku atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. V\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e1 hranice faktor\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch<\/strong>
<\/strong> R\u016fzn\u00e9 ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny a ho\u0159lav\u00e9 kapaliny a p\u00e1ry maj\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00fdm r\u016fzn\u00fdm fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edm a chemick\u00fdm vlastnostem r\u016fzn\u00e9 meze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti: stejn\u00fd druh ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f nebo ho\u0159lav\u00fdch kapalin a par meze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti, ale tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed pevn\u011b stanoven, podle teploty, tlaku, obsahu kysl\u00edku, inertn\u00edho m\u00e9dia, pr\u016fm\u011bru n\u00e1doby a dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed k prevenci po\u017e\u00e1ru a v\u00fdbuchu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Aby ho\u0159lav\u00fd plyn explodoval, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spln\u011bny t\u0159i podm\u00ednky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaprv\u00e9 jsou to ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za druh\u00e9 je k dispozici vzduch a sm\u011b\u0161ovac\u00ed pom\u011br ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho plynu a vzduchu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v ur\u010dit\u00fdch mez\u00edch;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za t\u0159et\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edtomnost zdroje vzn\u00edcen\u00ed. K v\u00fdbuchu nem\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt bez spln\u011bn\u00ed jedn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi z\u00e1sady prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f proto pat\u0159\u00ed: p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 kontrola zdroj\u016f zap\u00e1len\u00ed; zabr\u00e1nit vzniku v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f a vzduchu; p\u0159eru\u0161it cestu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdbuchu, na po\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00fdbuchu v\u010das uvolnit tlak, zabr\u00e1nit roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed rozsahu v\u00fdbuchu a v\u00fdbuchu n\u00e1r\u016fstu tlaku. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 z\u00e1sady jsou stejn\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro prevenci v\u00fdbuch\u016f plyn\u016f, kapaln\u00fdch par a prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) kontrola a eliminace vzn\u00edcen\u00ed <\/strong>Zdroje po\u017e\u00e1ru Zdroje vzn\u00edcen\u00ed jsou obecn\u011b otev\u0159en\u00fd plamen, t\u0159en\u00ed a n\u00e1razy, tepeln\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, vysokoteplotn\u00ed povrchy, elektrick\u00e9 jiskry, statick\u00e9 jiskry atd., p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 kontrola pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto zdroj\u016f vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, prevence po\u017e\u00e1ru a v\u00fdbuchu je velmi nutn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Otev\u0159en\u00fd plamen <\/strong>t\u00fdk\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrobn\u00edho procesu oh\u0159evu ohn\u011b, \u00fadr\u017eby sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f zap\u00e1len\u00ed, otev\u0159en\u00fd ohe\u0148 je nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou po\u017e\u00e1ru a v\u00fdbuchu, oh\u0159evu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, m\u011bli bychom se sna\u017eit vyhnout pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho ohn\u011b a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1ry nebo jin\u00e9ho oh\u0159evu t\u011blesa nesouc\u00edho teplo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. T\u0159en\u00ed a n\u00e1raz <\/strong>Jiskry mohou vznikat t\u0159en\u00edm rotuj\u00edc\u00edch lo\u017eisek ve stroji, vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm n\u00e1razem \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f nebo n\u00e1razem \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f do betonov\u00e9 podlahy apod. Lo\u017eiska by proto m\u011bla b\u00fdt dob\u0159e maz\u00e1na a v nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00edstech by se m\u00edsto \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f m\u011bly pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1stroje ocelov\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Tepeln\u00e9 paprsky <\/strong>Ultrafialov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo m\u016f\u017ee podpo\u0159it n\u011bkter\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 reakce: infra\u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo je sice neviditeln\u00e9, ale dlouh\u00e1 doba lokalizovan\u00e9ho zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobit po\u017e\u00e1r ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f; p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo p\u0159es konvexn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky, kruhov\u00e9 ba\u0148ky se soust\u0159ed\u00ed a jeho ohnisko m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zdrojem vzn\u00edcen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Kontrola v\u00fdbuchu <\/strong>V\u011bt\u0161ina \u0161kod zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchy je velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 a v\u011bdeck\u00e1 prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm \u00fakolem. Hlavn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed k prevenci v\u00fdbuch\u016f jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Ochrana inertn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed <\/strong>v chemick\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako ochrann\u00fd inertn\u00ed plyn, zejm\u00e9na dus\u00edk, oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra atd. Obecn\u011b je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit pou\u017eit\u00ed ochrany inertn\u00edmi m\u00e9dii v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech: drcen\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, proces t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159eprava jejich pr\u00e1\u0161ku vy\u017eaduje ochranu inertn\u00edmi m\u00e9dii; zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159ed pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm s n\u00e1hradou inertn\u00edho plynu, aby se vylou\u010dil p\u016fvodn\u00ed plyn v syst\u00e9mu a zabr\u00e1nilo se vzniku v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Uzav\u0159en\u00ed syst\u00e9mu <\/strong>Zabra\u0148te \u00faniku ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a p\u0159\u00edstupu vzduchu. Aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna vzduchot\u011bsnost syst\u00e9mu, m\u011bla by se nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a syst\u00e9my sna\u017eit pou\u017e\u00edvat sva\u0159ovan\u00e9 spoje, m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edrubov\u00e9 spoje: aby se zabr\u00e1nilo \u00faniku toxick\u00fdch nebo v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch plyn\u016f mimo n\u00e1dobu, lze pou\u017e\u00edt podtlakov\u00fd provozn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, pro v\u00fdrobu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracuj\u00edc\u00edch pod podtlakem by se m\u011blo zabr\u00e1nit p\u0159\u00edvodu vzduchu: podle po\u017eadavk\u016f na teplotu, tlak a m\u00e9dia procesu, pou\u017eit\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. V\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdm\u011bna <\/strong>ho\u0159lav\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aby dos\u00e1hly meze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee zaru\u010dit absolutn\u00ed ut\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed, m\u011bl by z\u00e1vod, d\u00edlna udr\u017eovat dobr\u00e9 ventila\u010dn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, aby \u00fanik mal\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f mohl b\u00fdt snadno odveden, aby nedo\u0161lo k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi plyn\u016f. P\u0159i navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011btrac\u00edho ods\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba zohlednit hustotu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f. V m\u00edstech, kde se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch (nap\u0159. vod\u00edk), by m\u011bly b\u00fdt na st\u0159e\u0161e z\u00e1vodu z\u0159\u00edzeny ods\u00e1vac\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, jako jsou sv\u011btl\u00edky: pokud jsou ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch, mohou se unikaj\u00edc\u00ed plyny hromadit v n\u00edzko polo\u017een\u00fdch m\u00edstech, jako jsou okapy, a vytv\u00e1\u0159et se vzduchem v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi plyn\u016f, a v t\u011bchto m\u00edstech by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata opat\u0159en\u00ed k ods\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed plyn\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Instalace syst\u00e9mu ochrany proti v\u00fdbuchu <\/strong>Syst\u00e9m ochrany proti v\u00fdbuchu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou detekovat po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdbuch a tlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1doby s hasivem, n\u00e1doby s hasivem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sn\u00edmac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed v co nejkrat\u0161\u00edm \u010dase na hasivo rovnom\u011brn\u011b nast\u0159\u00edkan\u00e9 do n\u00e1dob, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba chr\u00e1nit, ho\u0159en\u00ed je uha\u0161eno, aby se kontroloval v\u00fdskyt v\u00fdbuchu. V syst\u00e9mu pro setk\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00fdbuchem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdbuch a ho\u0159en\u00ed detekov\u00e1no samo a po ur\u010dit\u00e9 dob\u011b po v\u00fdpadku nap\u00e1jen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee syst\u00e9m pokra\u010dovat v pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola II. Prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f kapalin<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 podniky p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch, v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch a t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin zp\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159i sebemen\u0161\u00ed nedbalosti ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edm a skladovac\u00edm procesu po\u017e\u00e1r, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek ob\u011bti na \u017eivotech a \u0161kody na majetku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(1) Spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdbu\u0161nost <\/strong>Ho\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00fdbu\u0161nost ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin z\u00e1vis\u00ed na bodu vzplanut\u00ed a meze v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti. Nad ho\u0159lavou kapalinou, sm\u011bs\u00ed par a plynu se vzduchem v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1paln\u00e9ho zdroje doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jevu okam\u017eit\u00e9ho vzplanut\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu jako bleskov\u00e9 vzn\u00edcen\u00ed. Za stanoven\u00fdch experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee povrch kapaliny vyvolat nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplotu vzplanut\u00ed, naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se bod vzplanut\u00ed. Z\u00e1bleskov\u00e9 vzn\u00edcen\u00ed kapaliny, proto\u017ee jej\u00ed povrchov\u00e1 teplota nen\u00ed vysok\u00e1, rychlost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e rychlost ho\u0159en\u00ed, vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u00e1ry nemohou doplnit sp\u00e1len\u00e9 p\u00e1ry, ale pouze udr\u017eet okam\u017eit\u00e9 ho\u0159en\u00ed. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli hraje proces vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i ho\u0159en\u00ed kapaln\u00fdch ho\u0159lavin. Bod vzplanut\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd parametr, kter\u00fd ud\u00e1v\u00e1 odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed vlastnosti ho\u0159lav\u00fdch kapalin a kter\u00fd lze pou\u017e\u00edt k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odpa\u0159ovac\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin a velikosti nebezpe\u010d\u00ed ho\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed <\/strong>ho\u0159lav\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny v nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti zdroje zap\u00e1len\u00ed v d\u016fsledku vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho oh\u0159evu zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho jevem zap\u00e1len\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako po\u017e\u00e1r samovzn\u00edcen\u00edm. Bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed kapaliny nen\u00ed pevn\u00fdm parametrem fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed, nesouvis\u00ed pouze s jej\u00ed povahou, ale tak\u00e9 s tlakem, koncentrac\u00ed par, obsahem kysl\u00edku, katalyz\u00e1torem, vlastnostmi n\u00e1doby a dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory. Ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny se mohou samovoln\u011b vzn\u00edtit p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed na bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru. Obecn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed homologu kles\u00e1 s rostouc\u00ed molekulovou hmotnost\u00ed, proto\u017ee vazebn\u00e1 energie chemick\u00e9 vazby v homologu se s rostouc\u00ed molekulovou hmotnost\u00ed zmen\u0161uje, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zrychluje reak\u010dn\u00ed rychlost a bod samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed kles\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) dif\u00faze toku <\/strong>ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i \u00faniku, se rychle rozpt\u00fdl\u00ed do v\u0161ech sm\u011br\u016f. V d\u016fsledku kapil\u00e1rn\u00edho efektu a infiltrace mohou zv\u011bt\u0161it povrchovou plochu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch kapalin, urychlit odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich koncentraci ve vzduchu, snadno se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r. P\u0159i po\u017e\u00e1ru bude kapalina proud\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00e9l ter\u00e9nu vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u201ctekouc\u00ed ohe\u0148\u201d, rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed \u010dasto zp\u016fsob\u00ed, \u017ee na m\u00edst\u011b po\u017e\u00e1ru budou uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9 osoby a hasi\u010d\u0161t\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159i v\u010das ustupovat, co\u017e bude m\u00edt za n\u00e1sledek velk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) t\u0159en\u00edm nabit\u00e9 <\/strong>V\u011bt\u0161ina ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin jsou dielektrika, nap\u0159. \u00e9ter, ester, disulfid uhl\u00edku, jejich\u017e odpor je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10 %. 3<\/sup> \u03a9 - cm, jsou v procesu pln\u011bn\u00ed, dopravy, trysk\u00e1n\u00ed je velmi snadn\u00e9 generovat statick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje, pokud nen\u00ed v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9mu procesu uzemn\u011bn\u00ed v\u010das bude nabita odv\u00e9st, kdy\u017e statick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje na ur\u010ditou \u00farove\u0148, bude vypou\u0161t\u011bt jiskry, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a t\u011bkav\u00e9 v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 kapaliny ho\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00fdbuch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Prevence v\u00fdbuchu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Opat\u0159en\u00ed k prevenci po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f a v\u00fdbuch\u016f ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin jsou zalo\u017eena na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bti technik\u00e1ch a z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch: vylou\u010den\u00ed zdroje vzn\u00edcen\u00ed; vylou\u010den\u00ed vzduchu (kysl\u00edku); skladov\u00e1n\u00ed kapalin v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch nebo za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch; v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zabra\u0148uje tomu, aby koncentrace par ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin dos\u00e1hla rozsahu koncentrace ho\u0159en\u00ed; a nahrazen\u00ed vzduchu inertn\u00edmi plyny. Posledn\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i metody maj\u00ed zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby ho\u0159lav\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny (p\u00e1ry) a vzduch tvo\u0159ily ho\u0159lavou, v\u00fdbu\u0161nou sm\u011bs. T\u011bchto p\u011bt metod se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u011b, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed postupy jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) V\u00fdroba, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin v z\u00e1vod\u011b a ve skladu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt jedno- nebo dvoupatrov\u00e9 ohnivzdorn\u00e9 budovy, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt dob\u0159e v\u011btran\u00e9, m\u011bly by p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b zakazovat po\u017e\u00e1r a kou\u0159 v okol\u00ed a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt daleko od ohn\u011b, tepla, oxida\u010dn\u00edch \u010dinidel a kyselin. V l\u00e9t\u011b by m\u011bla existovat tepeln\u00e1 izolace a chladic\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, bod vzplanut\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 23 \u2103 ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin, teplota ve skladu obecn\u011b nen\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 30 \u2103; druhy s n\u00edzk\u00fdm bodem varu, jako je \u00e9ter, sirouhl\u00edk, petrolether a dal\u0161\u00ed sklady, je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed p\u0159ijmout opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed teploty chlazen\u00ed. Pro skladov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed benzenu, ethanolu, benzinu atd. jsou obecn\u011b k dispozici skladovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Skladovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee mohou b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny na voln\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed, ale p\u0159i teplot\u011b nad 30 \u2103 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt pou\u017eita vynucen\u00e1 chladic\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) P\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin je t\u0159eba vych\u00e1zet z p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f a norem a zvolit nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. P\u0159i nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a manipulaci by m\u011bly b\u00fdt lehk\u00e9, zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 v\u00e1len\u00ed, t\u0159en\u00ed, tah\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed operace, kter\u00e9 ohro\u017euj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost. Je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1no pou\u017e\u00edvat jisk\u0159iv\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed a nosit p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci obuv s \u017eelezn\u00fdmi h\u0159eby. Motorov\u00e1 vozidla, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed vj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt do are\u00e1lu, by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ednostn\u011b nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9ho typu a jejich v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt vybaveno spolehliv\u00fdmi hasic\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstroji proti jiskr\u00e1m a ochrann\u00fdmi p\u0159ep\u00e1\u017ekami nebo tepeln\u011b izola\u010dn\u00edmi panely, kter\u00e9 zabra\u0148uj\u00ed odkap\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f na v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) P\u0159i pln\u011bn\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin by m\u011bl b\u00fdt v n\u00e1dob\u011b ponech\u00e1n pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd prostor v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5% a nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt napln\u011bna a\u017e po okraj, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v\u00fdbuchu ho\u0159lav\u00fdch a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch kapalin v d\u016fsledku tepla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Nesm\u00ed se m\u00edsit s jin\u00fdmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed a uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 jako vzorek mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu lahv\u00ed s ho\u0159lav\u00fdmi a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdmi t\u011bkav\u00fdmi kapalinami mohou b\u00fdt z\u0159\u00edzeny sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b s nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi chemik\u00e1liemi, podle povahy ulo\u017een\u00ed v odd\u011blen\u00ed, ve stejn\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt ulo\u017eeny v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b konfliktn\u00ed polo\u017eky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Pro ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny r\u016fzn\u00e9 povahy a r\u016fzn\u00e9ho stupn\u011b nebezpe\u010dnosti je t\u0159eba zvolit podm\u00ednky skladov\u00e1n\u00ed v souladu s p\u0159edpisy. Zejm\u00e9na pro ho\u0159lav\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 kapaliny s n\u00edzk\u00fdm bodem vzplanut\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt podm\u00ednky skladov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata ochrana inertn\u00edm plynem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) V cel\u00e9m procesu v\u00fdroby, p\u0159epravy, nakl\u00e1dky a vykl\u00e1dky, skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed prove\u010fte \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 antistatick\u00e1 a bleskov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, abyste zabr\u00e1nili vzniku statick\u00fdch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f a po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch bleskem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola III Prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1906 do\u0161lo ve Francii v uheln\u00e9m dole Couriers (Kur\u00fd\u0159i) k v\u00fdbuchu, kter\u00fd si vy\u017e\u00e1dal 1099 mrtv\u00fdch a \u0161okoval cel\u00e9 zem\u011b. Tehdy za\u010dali v\u011bdci v\u011bnovat skute\u010dnou pozornost studiu v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu, ale oblast v\u00fdzkumu se omezila na velk\u00e9 uheln\u00e9 doly. B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se z\u00e1b\u011br v\u00fdzkumu prachov\u00fdch v\u00fdbuch\u016f teprve postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159oval na z\u00e1vody na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kov\u016f, chemick\u00fdch surovin. K prachov\u00fdm hav\u00e1ri\u00edm do\u0161lo i v posledn\u00edch letech: 2. srpna 2014 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdbuchu hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho prachu v tov\u00e1rn\u011b Suzhou Kunshan Zhongrong Machinery Factory; 29. dubna 2016 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdbuchu hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho prachu v tov\u00e1rn\u011b Shenzhen Jingyixing Hardware Factory: 31. b\u0159ezna 2019 do\u0161lo k deflagra\u010dn\u00ed hav\u00e1rii v kontejneru skladuj\u00edc\u00edm odpad z ho\u0159\u010d\u00edkov\u00e9 slitiny p\u0159ed obr\u00e1b\u011bc\u00ed d\u00edlnou spole\u010dnosti Suzhou Kunshan Hunding Precision Metals Co, Ltd, kter\u00e1 si vy\u017e\u00e1dala sedm mrtv\u00fdch a p\u011bt zran\u011bn\u00fdch. V\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto nehod si vy\u017e\u00e1dal v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 ob\u011bti na \u017eivotech a p\u0159inesl spole\u010dnosti obrovsk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a sou\u010dasn\u011b tak\u00e9 vyvolal poplach v oblasti prevence a kontroly v\u00fdbuchu prachu, co\u017e ve spole\u010dnosti vzbudilo velk\u00e9 obavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Podm\u00ednky v\u00fdbuchu prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pro v\u00fdbuch prachu je obvykle zapot\u0159eb\u00ed p\u011bt prvk\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Je p\u0159\u00edtomen ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Prach je suspendov\u00e1n ve vzduchu v ur\u010dit\u00e9 koncentraci;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) P\u0159\u00edtomnost zdroje vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, kter\u00fd by mohl zp\u016fsobit v\u00fdbuch prachu;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Pomocn\u00e9 jednotky;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Omezen\u00fd prostor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee prach explodovat, je to zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee suspenze ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu ve vzduchu tvo\u0159\u00ed vysoce rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jeho povrchov\u00e1 energie (obsa\u017een\u00e1 v adsorpci a aktivit\u011b) se zna\u010dn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila: sou\u010dasn\u011b se prachov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice a vzduch mezi rozhran\u00edm mezi kysl\u00edkem pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed dod\u00e1vky kysl\u00edku je v\u00edce ne\u017e dost, dostate\u010dn\u011b energetick\u00fd zdroj vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, rychlost reakce se prudce zv\u00fd\u0161ila a byl v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Proces a charakteristika v\u00fdbuchu prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu proch\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi f\u00e1zemi: za prv\u00e9, zav\u011b\u0161en\u00fd ve vzduchu ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach na povrchu p\u0159ijme energii zdroje zap\u00e1len\u00ed, povrchov\u00e1 teplota rychle stoup\u00e1; za druh\u00e9, povrch prachov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic molekul\u00e1rn\u00edho tepeln\u00e9ho rozkladu nebo such\u00e9 destilace, co\u017e vede k uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f z povrchu prachov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic do plynn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze; a pak se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny a vzduch (nebo kysl\u00edk a jin\u00e9 plyny s podporou ho\u0159en\u00ed) sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 s tvorbou v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se zap\u00e1l\u00ed zdrojem zap\u00e1len\u00ed a vznikne plamen; nakonec teplo \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se t\u00edmto plamenem a d\u00e1le podporuj\u00edc\u00ed rozklad okoln\u00edho prachu, neust\u00e1l\u00e9 uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00fdch plyn\u016f v plynn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi a sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed se vzduchem, tak\u017ee se plamen d\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, co\u017e vede k prudk\u00e9mu v\u00fdbuchu prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s obecn\u00fdm v\u00fdbuchem plynu m\u00e1 v\u00fdbuch prachu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed charakteristiky:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rysem v\u00fdbuchu prachu je v\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e1 exploze. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdbuch vzduchov\u00e9 vlny se usad\u00ed v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo prach na zemi vylet\u00ed do vzduchu, v kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b po v\u00fdbuchu se v centru v\u00fdbuchu vytvo\u0159\u00ed podtlak, okoln\u00ed \u010derstv\u00fd vzduch se napln\u00ed zven\u010d\u00ed dovnit\u0159 a prach se m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00edm zvedne, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se spust\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdbuch. P\u0159i druh\u00e9m v\u00fdbuchu bude koncentrace prachu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1paln\u00e1 energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro v\u00fdbuch prachu se obecn\u011b pohybuje v \u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek milijoul\u016f nebo v\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) tlak p\u0159i v\u00fdbuchu prachu pomalu stoup\u00e1, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak trv\u00e1 dlouho, uvol\u0148uje se energie, siln\u00e1 ni\u010div\u00e1 s\u00edla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Prevence a kontrola v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prevence hav\u00e1ri\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchem prachu, p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed ob\u011btem hav\u00e1ri\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchem prachu a sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ztr\u00e1t p\u0159i hav\u00e1ri\u00edch zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchem prachu se staly spole\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f a regula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f. Podle p\u011bti prvk\u016f v\u00fdbuchu prachu a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch faktor\u016f, pokud ve v\u00fdrob\u011b zni\u010d\u00edte vznik jednoho nebo v\u00edce z nich, m\u016f\u017eete ud\u011blat pro prevenci v\u00fdbuchu prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Optimalizace n\u00e1vrhu rozvr\u017een\u00ed <\/strong>P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vodu by m\u011blo b\u00fdt nejprve rozumn\u011b zvoleno um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vodu a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00e9 d\u00edlny na celkov\u00e9m p\u016fdorysu z\u00e1vodu by m\u011blo b\u00fdt p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9. U centralizovan\u00fdch topeni\u0161\u0165 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bna na n\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho sm\u011bru v\u011btru v obdob\u00ed mimo vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ostatn\u00edch budov U necentralizovan\u00fdch topeni\u0161\u0165 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bna na n\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho sm\u011bru v\u011btru po cel\u00fd rok. Budovy (stavby) instalovan\u00e9 s technologick\u00fdm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm s nebezpe\u010d\u00edm v\u00fdbuchu prachu nebo s v\u00fdskytem ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt odd\u011bleny od ostatn\u00edch budov (staveb) a jejich po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt v souladu s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159edpisy. Budova by m\u011bla b\u00fdt jednopodla\u017en\u00ed a st\u0159echa by m\u011bla m\u00edt lehkou konstrukci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) kontrola shlukov\u00e1n\u00ed, suspendov\u00e1n\u00ed a poletov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu <\/strong>V\u010dasn\u00e9 odstran\u011bn\u00ed ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu suspendovan\u00e9ho ve vzduchu, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrace ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu v ho\u0159lav\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu, aby se zajistilo, \u017ee nen\u00ed v mez\u00edch v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti, aby se z\u00e1sadn\u011b zabr\u00e1nilo v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdbuchu ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Sni\u017ete expozici prachu.<\/strong> Technick\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed expozice prachu jsou uzav\u0159en\u00fd provoz v\u00fdrobn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a instalace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pohlcuj\u00edc\u00edch prach na m\u00edstech, kde prach vznik\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Opat\u0159en\u00ed k potla\u010den\u00ed pra\u0161nosti.<\/strong> Opat\u0159en\u00ed k potla\u010den\u00ed pra\u0161nosti jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 br\u00e1n\u00ed vzn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed prachu nebo sni\u017euj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho prachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Eliminujte p\u0159etlak.<\/strong> Prach z v\u00fdrobn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159i \u00faniku z jednoho z d\u016fvod\u016f poklesu materi\u00e1lu vyvolal velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vzduchu v uzav\u0159en\u00e9m krytu, aby se vytvo\u0159il p\u0159etlak, aby se tento \u00fa\u010dinek zm\u00edrnil a odstranil, m\u011bl by se sn\u00ed\u017eit v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi padaj\u00edc\u00edm materi\u00e1lem, \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit \u00fahel sklonu \u017elabu, izolovat proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu, sn\u00ed\u017eit mno\u017estv\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9ho vzduchu, sn\u00ed\u017eit spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159etlaku atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Zlep\u0161en\u00e9 odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu.<\/strong> Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu se vztahuje na opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrace prachu pomoc\u00ed ventila\u010dn\u00edch a odpra\u0161ovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017eity jako lok\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu nebo dopln\u011bny \u00fapln\u00fdm ods\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm nebo p\u0159irozen\u00fdm ods\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm. V\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu by m\u011blo b\u00fdt nastaveno v souladu s procesem relativn\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu, v\u0161echna m\u00edsta produkuj\u00edc\u00ed prach by m\u011bla b\u00fdt vybavena odsava\u010di prachu, v potrub\u00ed by nem\u011blo doch\u00e1zet ke sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed prachu a instalace, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a \u00fadr\u017eba odlu\u010dova\u010d\u016f prachu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v souladu s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159edpisy. Krom\u011b toho existuje elektrostatick\u00e1 eliminace prachu a mokr\u00e1 eliminace prachu a dal\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro eliminaci elektrostatick\u00e9ho prachu je zalo\u017eeno na metod\u00e1ch elektrick\u00e9ho odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu a kontroly zdroj\u016f prachu, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro vysokonap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a elektrick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro sb\u011br prachu (v\u010detn\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00fdch odsava\u010d\u016f a ods\u00e1vac\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f) dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti. Mokr\u00e1 eliminace prachu znamen\u00e1, \u017ee za podm\u00ednek povolen\u00fdch procesem lze pou\u017e\u00edt opat\u0159en\u00ed pro mokrou eliminaci prachu k dosa\u017een\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu prevence pra\u0161nosti. V procesu mokr\u00e9 eliminace prachu z hlin\u00edku a ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed spir\u00e1lov\u00fdch rozpra\u0161ovac\u00edch trysek probl\u00e9m snadn\u00e9ho ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch trysek a zvy\u0161uje \u00fa\u010dinnost zachycov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu. Krom\u011b toho pro sou\u010dasn\u00fd d\u016fln\u00ed odlu\u010dova\u010d prachu existuje n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost, pracovn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e p\u0159i \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b, v\u011bdci navrhli PLC (programovateln\u00fd regul\u00e1tor) automatick\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu z ploch\u00e9ho vaku, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu a spolehlivost syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

e. Opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pra\u0161nosti.<\/strong> Omezov\u00e1n\u00ed pra\u0161nosti je hlavn\u011b opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 metody, jako je post\u0159ik, k zachycen\u00ed prachu, kter\u00fd vznikl a p\u0159em\u011bnil se v plovouc\u00ed stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

f. Kontrolujte relativn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu na pracovi\u0161ti.<\/strong> Rozumn\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zvlh\u010dovac\u00edho rozpra\u0161ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve v\u00fdrobn\u00ed d\u00edln\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it relativn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed rozptyl prachu, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed se rychlost usazov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu a zabr\u00e1n\u00ed se dosa\u017een\u00ed mezn\u00ed koncentrace prachu p\u0159i v\u00fdbuchu. Pokud relativn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu dos\u00e1hne 65% nebo v\u00edce, m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b podpo\u0159it usazov\u00e1n\u00ed prachu a zabr\u00e1nit vzniku prachov\u00fdch mrak\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

g. Dal\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadavky na nastaven\u00ed, jako je podlaha a \u017elab.<\/strong> M\u011bly by b\u00fdt pou\u017eity nejisk\u0159\u00edc\u00ed podlahov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, a pokud jsou jako celkov\u00fd povrch pou\u017eity izola\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata antistatick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed: vnit\u0159n\u00ed povrch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed emituj\u00edc\u00edho ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach a vl\u00e1kna by m\u011bl b\u00fdt rovn\u00fd, hladk\u00fd a snadno \u010distiteln\u00fd: nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed z\u0159izovat v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u017elab, a pokud je to nutn\u00e9, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt kryt t\u011bsn\u00fd a m\u011bla by b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, aby se v \u017elabu nehromadily ho\u0159lav\u00e9 plyny, ho\u0159lav\u00e9 p\u00e1ry a prach, a m\u011bl by b\u00fdt propojen se sousedn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm. Ut\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed neho\u0159lav\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru prachov\u00fdch mra\u010den a vrstev prachu <\/strong>P\u0159i prevenci samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f by m\u011bly b\u00fdt hork\u00e9 pr\u00e1\u0161ky schopn\u00e9 samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed p\u0159ed skladov\u00e1n\u00edm ochlazeny na b\u011b\u017enou skladovac\u00ed teplotu; p\u0159i skladov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed sypk\u00fdch pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f schopn\u00fdch samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt teplota pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b monitorov\u00e1na; pokud je zji\u0161t\u011bna zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 teplota nebo se sr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed plyny, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata opat\u0159en\u00ed k ochlazen\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161ku; a syst\u00e9m vykl\u00e1dky by m\u011bl b\u00fdt vybaven opat\u0159en\u00edmi k zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed shlukov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) Odstran\u011bn\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f vzn\u00edcen\u00ed <\/strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm krokem v prevenci v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu je odstran\u011bn\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f vzn\u00edcen\u00ed. Specifick\u00e9 pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zdroj vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, mus\u00ed vych\u00e1zet z konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho provozn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro c\u00edlenou prevenci zdroj\u016f vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, zde jsou uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed po\u017eadavky a opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed vzn\u00edcen\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho ohn\u011b a hork\u00fdch povrch\u016f.<\/strong> Prvn\u00edm krokem je kontrola zdroj\u016f zap\u00e1len\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch \u010dlov\u011bkem a z\u00e1kaz v\u0161ech typ\u016f otev\u0159en\u00e9ho ohn\u011b, jako jsou cigarety, zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed atd., v m\u00edstech s ho\u0159lav\u00fdm prachem. V\u0161echny v\u00fdrobn\u00ed prostory ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho prachu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt klasifikov\u00e1ny jako z\u00f3ny se z\u00e1kazem \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ohn\u011b a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho ohn\u011b by m\u011blo b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud je nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st operaci s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem v m\u00edst\u011b s nebezpe\u010d\u00edm v\u00fdbuchu prachu, je t\u0159eba dodr\u017eet n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed: schv\u00e1lit osobou odpov\u011bdnou za bezpe\u010dnost a z\u00edskat po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed povolen\u00ed; p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm operace s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem je t\u0159eba odstranit ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach v m\u00edst\u011b operace s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem a vybavit jej dostate\u010dn\u00fdm hasic\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm; \u00fasek, kde se prov\u00e1d\u00ed operace s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem, je t\u0159eba odd\u011blit nebo odd\u011blit od ostatn\u00edch \u00fasek\u016f: b\u011bhem provozu s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem a b\u011bhem ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed po ukon\u010den\u00ed provozu by se do m\u00edsta provozu s otev\u0159en\u00fdm plamenem nem\u011bl dostat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd prach. Pracovi\u0161t\u011b mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odd\u011bleno nebo odd\u011bleno od ostatn\u00edch z\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ochrana p\u0159ed elektrick\u00fdm obloukem a jiskrami.<\/strong> V m\u00edstech s nebezpe\u010d\u00edm v\u00fdbuchu prachu je t\u0159eba p\u0159ijmout odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na ochranu p\u0159ed bleskem. Pokud hroz\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed statick\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt na m\u00edst\u011b instalov\u00e1na antistatick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a u potrub\u00ed a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako je elektrostatick\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed. V\u0161echna kovov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kovov\u00e1 potrub\u00ed, konzoly, sou\u010d\u00e1sti, d\u00edly atd. obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed antistatick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed, nevhodn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed, mohou b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edmo uzemn\u011bny p\u0159es vodiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly nebo v\u00fdrobky; p\u0159\u00edmo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161ku, potrub\u00ed pro dopravu pr\u00e1\u0161ku (p\u00e1s) atd. by m\u011blo b\u00fdt vyrobeno z kovu nebo antistatick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a v\u0161echny kovov\u00e9 spoje potrub\u00ed (nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edruby) by m\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159eklenuty: provozovatel by Provozovatel\u00e9 by m\u011bli p\u0159ijmout antistatick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. V souladu s normou \u201cV\u0161eobecn\u00e9 pokyny pro prevenci \u00faraz\u016f statickou elekt\u0159inou\u201d by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro v\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1l\u016f, instalaci za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a antistatickou konstrukci, provoz a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed procesu, aby se kontrolovala tvorba statick\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny a shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) kontrola l\u00e1tek vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch ho\u0159en\u00ed <\/strong>Hlavn\u00edm preventivn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm v t\u00e9to oblasti je pou\u017eit\u00ed ochrany inertn\u00edm plynem. Princip ochrany inertn\u00edm plynem spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve sm\u011bsi prachu a vzduchu, napln\u011bn\u00e9 inertn\u00edmi plyny, kter\u00e9 nejsou ho\u0159lav\u00e9 ani nevyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed ho\u0159en\u00ed a sni\u017euj\u00ed obsah kysl\u00edku v syst\u00e9mu, tak\u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k v\u00fdbuchu prachu v d\u016fsledku nedostatku kysl\u00edku. Inertn\u00ed plyny, jako je CO2 <\/sup>a N2 <\/sup>se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslu k inertizaci d\u00edlny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) prostorov\u00e1 omezen\u00ed <\/strong>Sou\u010dasnou hlavn\u00ed metodou \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu omezen\u00e9ho prostoru je z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nev\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159etlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ve vhodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo provozu z\u0159\u00eddit slabou plochu (p\u0159etlakovou plochu), kterou lze odv\u00e1d\u011bt na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stranu v\u00fdbuchu po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed tlak, plamen, prach a produkty, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed tlak v\u00fdbuchu, sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159i v\u00fdbuchu. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed technologie odleh\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdbuchu je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat velkou pozornost pot\u0159eb\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eit maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak v\u00fdbuchu prachu a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost tlaku, krom\u011b toho je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu objem a konstrukci za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo z\u00e1vodu, jako\u017e i odleh\u010dovac\u00ed povrch materi\u00e1lu, pevnost, tvar a strukturu. Jako odleh\u010dovac\u00ed povrch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tryskac\u00ed deska, bo\u010dn\u00ed dve\u0159e, v\u00fdklopn\u00e1 okna atd.; odleh\u010dovac\u00ed povrch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyroben z kovov\u00e9 f\u00f3lie, nepromokav\u00e9ho pap\u00edru, plachty, plastov\u00fdch desek, gumy, azbestu, s\u00e1drokartonu atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) Dal\u0161\u00ed faktory <\/strong>Obecn\u011b mus\u00ed m\u00edt v\u00fdbuch prachu p\u011bt prvk\u016f: ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach, oblak prachu, zdroj vzn\u00edcen\u00ed, urychlova\u010de a omezen\u00ed prostoru. Krom\u011b toho v\u00fdbuch prachu ovliv\u0148uje n\u011bkolik d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch faktor\u016f, prevence v\u00fdbuch\u016f prachu m\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Mez v\u00fdbuchu prachu.<\/strong> Prach v ur\u010dit\u00e9 koncentraci suspendovan\u00fd ve vzduchu je jednou z podm\u00ednek pro vznik v\u00fdbuchu prachu, kvantifikace \u201cur\u010dit\u00e9 koncentrace\u201d je mezn\u00ed hodnotou pro v\u00fdbuch prachu. Mez v\u00fdbuchu prachu je sm\u011bs prachu a vzduchu, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee explodovat v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzn\u00edcen\u00ed zdroje prachu minim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace (doln\u00ed mez) nebo maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace (horn\u00ed mez), obecn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 v jednotk\u00e1ch objemu prostoru obsa\u017een\u00e9ho v prachov\u00e9 hmot\u011b. P\u0159i zn\u00e1m\u00e9m chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed prachu a spaln\u00e9m teple a za ur\u010dit\u00fdch zjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f lze mez v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti vypo\u010d\u00edtat, obvykle se v\u0161ak ke stanoven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje. Experimenty uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee mnoho pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch prach\u016f m\u00e1 doln\u00ed mez v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti 20-60 g\/m\u00b3 a horn\u00ed mez v\u00fdbu\u0161nosti 2000-6000 g\/m\u00b3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed detona\u010dn\u00ed energie v\u00fdbuchu.<\/strong> V\u00fdbuch prachu o minim\u00e1ln\u00ed detona\u010dn\u00ed energii lze z\u00edskat tak\u00e9 z energie jiskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje. Ho\u0159lav\u00fd prach, kter\u00fd se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 z\u00e1paln\u00e9ho zdroje s energi\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je jeho minim\u00e1ln\u00ed detona\u010dn\u00ed energie, m\u016f\u017ee explodovat. Proto m\u00e1 kontrola minim\u00e1ln\u00ed detona\u010dn\u00ed energie prachu p\u0159i prevenci v\u00fdbuchu prachu velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti prachu.<\/strong> \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce ho\u0159lav\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch slo\u017eek prachu obsahuje, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je riziko v\u00fdbuchu a jeho v\u00fdbuchov\u00fd tlak a rychlost n\u00e1r\u016fstu tlaku je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Proto\u017ee tento typ t\u011bkav\u00e9ho prachu uvol\u0148uje v\u00edce plynu, velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu a vzduchu se sm\u00eds\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161nou sm\u011bs, tak\u017ee reakce syst\u00e9mu prob\u00edh\u00e1 snadn\u011bji a prud\u010deji. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee spaln\u00e9 teplo a uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu z prachu spolu souvis\u00ed, je vysok\u00e9 spaln\u00e9 teplo prachu n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k v\u00fdbuchu; krom\u011b toho je rychlost oxidace prachu, jako je ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk, oxid \u017eelezit\u00fd, barviva atd. n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k v\u00fdbuchu a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdbuchov\u00fd tlak je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, snadno se nab\u00edj\u00ed prach je tak\u00e9 n\u00e1chyln\u00fd k v\u00fdbuchu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Velikost \u010d\u00e1stic prachu.<\/strong> D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd vliv na v\u00fdbuch prachu m\u00e1 velikost \u010d\u00e1stic. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je velikost \u010d\u00e1stic prachu, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je jeho specifick\u00fd povrch, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je jeho rozptyl ve vzduchu a t\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed je doba jeho suspendov\u00e1n\u00ed, t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je aktivita adsorbovan\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, t\u00edm rychlej\u0161\u00ed je rychlost oxida\u010dn\u00ed reakce, a proto je pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdbuchu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee minim\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1paln\u00e1 energie a doln\u00ed mez v\u00fdbuchu je men\u0161\u00ed a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdbuchov\u00fd tlak a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost n\u00e1r\u016fstu tlaku odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Pokud je velikost \u010d\u00e1stic prachu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e1, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed proto v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 vlastnosti. Jako je velikost \u010d\u00e1stic v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 400 \u03bcm polyethylenu, mouky a metylcelul\u00f3zov\u00e9ho prachu nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd a v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010d\u00e1stic uheln\u00e9ho prachu o velikosti men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1\/15 ~ 1\/10 mm, aby m\u011bla schopnost explodovat. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kritick\u00e1 velikost v\u00fdbuchu hrub\u00e9ho prachu sm\u00edchan\u00e9ho s ur\u010dit\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm jemn\u00e9ho prachu m\u016f\u017ee explodovat, m\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t v\u00fdbu\u0161nou sm\u011bs\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-explosion-proof-equipment"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Joe","author_link":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/author\/jacklin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Explosion-proof measures for hazardous chemicals in different states Chapter I. Prevention of gas explosions Typically, a fire starts and then gradually spreads and expands, with damage increasing dramatically with time. For the fire, the initial firefighting is still relevant. Explosions, on the other hand, are sudden, and in most cases, the explosion process is completed…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2156"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2303,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2156\/revisions\/2303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/led.amasly.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}